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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Psychol Bull. 2017 Apr 27;143(8):783–822. doi: 10.1037/bul0000102

Table 1.

Studies of Gender Differences in Major Depression Diagnoses

Study OR Country NM NF Interview Year Age Sample E F M T
Alaimo et al. (2002) 2.38 US 365 389 DIS 1991 15–16 Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) 1 1 2 4
Andrews et al. (2001)* 2.40 Australia 461 608 CIDI 2.1 1997 18–24 Australian National Survey of Mental Health & Well-Being (NSMHWB) 3 1 3
Andrews et al. (2001)* 1.97 Australia 940 1249 CIDI 2.1 1997 25–34 NSMHWB 3 1 3
Andrews et al. (2001)* 1.97 Australia 1131 1349 CIDI 2.1 1997 35–44 NSMHWB 3 1 3
Andrews et al. (2001)* 1.69 Australia 815 1017 CIDI 2.1 1997 45–54 NSMHWB 3 1 3
Andrews et al. (2001)* 2.14 Australia 627 652 CIDI 2.1 1997 55–64 NSMHWB 3 1 3
Andrews et al. (2001)* 2.78 Australia 731 1061 CIDI 2.1 1997 65+ NSMHWB 3 1 3
Arokiasamy et al. (2013) 1.24 India 3302 3255 CIDI 2008 50+ WHO Study on global Aging and adult health (SAGE) - India 3 3^ 3
Arokiasamy et al. (2013) 1.41 India 1042 3620 CIDI 2008 18–49 WHO SAGE- India 3 3^ 3
Avenevoli et al. (2015)* 1.65 US 843 809 WMH-CIDI 2002 13 National Comorbidity Survey- Adolescent Supplement (NCS- A) 1 2 1 3
Avenevoli et al. (2015)* 5.50 US 1088 1130 WMH-CIDI 2002 14 NCS- A 1 2 1 3
Avenevoli et al. (2015)* 2.57 US 883 1004 WMH-CIDI 2002 15 NCS- A 1 2 1 3
Avenevoli et al. (2015)* 2.44 US 966 1044 WMH-CIDI 2002 16 NCS- A 1 2 1 3
Avenevoli et al. (2015)* 1.93 US 1173 1183 WMH-CIDI 2002 17–18 NCS- A 1 2 1 3
Beals et al. (2005) 1.79 US 606 817 CIDI 1998 15–54 The American Indian Service Utilization, Psychiatric Epidemiology, Risk & Protective Factors Project (AI-SUPERPFP)- Southwest Tribe 6 2 2 3
Beals et al. (2005) 1.94 US 778 840 CIDI 1998 15–54 AI-SUPERPFP- Northern Plains Tribe 6 2 2 3
Bijl et al. (1998) 1.90 Netherlands 3304 3772 CIDI 1.1 1996 18–64 Netherlands Mental Health Survey & Incidence Study (NEMESIS) 2 2 3
Boyd et al. (2015) 2.55 Bulgaria 2430 2888 WMH-CIDI 2005 18+ Bulgaria National Survey of Health & StressW 1 1 4
Boyd et al. (2015) 1.67 Romania 1092 1265 WMH-CIDI 2006 18+ Romania Mental Health SurveyW 1 1 4
Boyd et al. (2015) 2.44 Portugal 1632 2217 WMH-CIDI 2009 18+ Portugal National Mental Health SurveyW 1 1 4
Boyd et al. (2015) 1.96 France 1329 1565 WMH-CIDI 2002 18+ ESEMeDW 1 1 4
Bromet et al. (2005)* 3.58 Ukraine 462 608 WMH-CIDI 2002 18–32 Comorbid Mental Disorders during Periods of Social Disruption (CMDPSD)W 2 1 3
Bromet et al. (2005)* 2.31 Ukraine 443 728 WMH-CIDI 2002 33–47 CMDPSDW 2 1 3
Bromet et al. (2005)* 2.07 Ukraine 440 876 WMH-CIDI 2002 48–62 CMDPSDW 2 1 3
Bromet et al. (2005)* 2.07 Ukraine 447 876 WMH-CIDI 2002 63+ CMDPSDW 2 1 3
Bromet et al. (2011) 1.57 Belgium 1190 1229 WMH-CIDI 2002 18+ The European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD)W 2 1 3
Bromet et al. (2011) 1.71 Germany 1660 1895 WMH-CIDI 2003 18+ ESEMeDW 2 1 3
Bromet et al. (2011) 1.60 Israel 2380 2479 WMH-CIDI 2003 21+ Israel National Health SurveyW 2 1 3
Bromet et al. (2011) 2.54 Italy 2321 2391 WMH-CIDI 2002 18+ ESEMeDW 2 1 3
Bromet et al. (2011) 2.32 Netherlands 1032 1340 WMH-CIDI 2003 18+ ESEMeDW 2 1 3
Bromet et al. (2011) 1.96 Colombia 1700 2726 WMH-CIDI 2003 18–65 Colombian National Study of Mental HealthW 2 1 3
Bromet et al. (2011) 2.11 Lebanon 1297 1560 WMH-CIDI 2003 18+ Lebanese Evaluation of the Burden of Ailments and Needs of the NationW 2 1 3
Bromet et al. (2011) 2.17 South Africa 1718 2597 WMH-CIDI 2004 18+ South Africa Stress and Health StudyW 2 1 3
Center for Behavioral Health Statistics & Quality (CBHSQ) (2014) 2.86 US 11363 10938 WMH-CIDI 2004 12–17 National Survey on Drug Use & Health (NSDUH) 1 1 3
CBHSQ (2014) 3.26 US 11378 11156 WMH-CIDI 2005 12–17 NSDUH 1 1 3
CBHSQ (2014) 3.05 US 11718 11153 WMH-CIDI 2006 12–17 NSDUH 1 1 3
CBHSQ (2014) 2.80 US 11524 10909 WMH-CIDI 2007 12–17 NSDUH 1 1 3
CBHSQ (2014) 3.18 US 11517 11029 WMH-CIDI 2008 12–17 NSDUH 1 1 3
CBHSQ (2014) 2.69 US 11520 11106 WMH-CIDI 2009 12–17 NSDUH 1 1 3
CBHSQ (2014) 2.93 US 11140 10820 WMH-CIDI 2010 12–17 NSDUH 1 1 3
CBHSQ (2014) 2.92 US 12028 11482 WMH-CIDI 2011 12–17 NSDUH 1 1 3
CBHSQ (2014) 2.66 US 1918 1807 WMH-CIDI 2012 12 NSDUH 1 1 3
CBHSQ (2014) 5.22 US 1840 1838 WMH-CIDI 2012 13 NSDUH 1 1 3
CBHSQ (2014) 3.28 US 1883 1872 WMH-CIDI 2012 14 NSDUH 1 1 3
CBHSQ (2014) 2.98 US 1921 1817 WMH-CIDI 2012 15 NSDUH 1 1 3
CBHSQ (2014) 3.71 US 1937 1878 WMH-CIDI 2012 16 NSDUH 1 1 3
CBHSQ (2014) 2.66 US 1877 1885 WMH-CIDI 2012 17 NSDUH 1 1 3
CBHSQ (2014) 2.14 US 1824 1713 WMH-CIDI 2013 12 NSDUH 1 1 3
CBHSQ (2014) 3.76 US 1963 1849 WMH-CIDI 2013 13 NSDUH 1 1 3
CBHSQ (2014) 4.95 US 2026 1865 WMH-CIDI 2013 14 NSDUH 1 1 3
CBHSQ (2014) 3.98 US 1882 1868 WMH-CIDI 2013 15 NSDUH 1 1 3
CBHSQ (2014) 2.92 US 1940 1890 WMH-CIDI 2013 16 NSDUH 1 1 3
CBHSQ (2014) 3.12 US 1914 1760 WMH-CIDI 2013 17 NSDUH 1 1 3
CBHSQ (2014) 1.99 US 10774 11755 WMH-CIDI 2012 18–25 NSDUH 1 1 3
CBHSQ (2014) 1.89 US 1469 1593 WMH-CIDI 2012 26–29 NSDUH 1 1 3
CBHSQ (2014) 2.13 US 1559 1863 WMH-CIDI 2012 30–34 NSDUH 1 1 3
CBHSQ (2014) 1.39 US 1365 1537 WMH-CIDI 2012 35–39 NSDUH 1 1 3
CBHSQ (2014) 1.69 US 1394 1615 WMH-CIDI 2012 40–44 NSDUH 1 1 3
CBHSQ (2014) 1.73 US 1428 1737 WMH-CIDI 2012 45–49 NSDUH 1 1 3
CBHSQ (2014) 1.35 US 816 1013 WMH-CIDI 2012 50–54 NSDUH 1 1 3
CBHSQ (2014) 1.45 US 722 877 WMH-CIDI 2012 55–59 NSDUH 1 1 3
CBHSQ (2014) 1.76 US 598 736 WMH-CIDI 2012 60–65 NSDUH 1 1 3
CBHSQ (2014) 2.09 US 1360 1625 WMH-CIDI 2012 65+ NSDUH 1 1 3
CBHSQ (2014) 2.09 US 10671 11543 WMH-CIDI 2013 18–25 NSDUH 1 1 3
CBHSQ (2014) 1.80 US 1376 1603 WMH-CIDI 2013 26–29 NSDUH 1 1 3
CBHSQ (2014) 1.29 US 1529 1802 WMH-CIDI 2013 30–34 NSDUH 1 1 3
CBHSQ (2014) 1.67 US 1317 1562 WMH-CIDI 2013 35–39 NSDUH 1 1 3
CBHSQ (2014) 1.63 US 1437 1671 WMH-CIDI 2013 40–44 NSDUH 1 1 3
CBHSQ (2014) 1.34 US 1440 1631 WMH-CIDI 2013 45–49 NSDUH 1 1 3
CBHSQ (2014) 1.47 US 837 951 WMH-CIDI 2013 50–54 NSDUH 1 1 3
CBHSQ (2014) 1.61 US 711 909 WMH-CIDI 2013 55–59 NSDUH 1 1 3
CBHSQ (2014) 1.42 US 674 719 WMH-CIDI 2013 60–65 NSDUH 1 1 3
CBHSQ (2014) 3.55 US 1302 1659 WMH-CIDI 2013 65+ NSDUH 1 1 3
CBHSQ (2014) 1.90 US 21408 24366 WMH-CIDI 2005 18+ NSDUH 1 1 3
CBHSQ (2014) 1.75 US 20995 23936 WMH-CIDI 2006 18+ NSDUH 1 1 3
CBHSQ (2014) 1.91 US 21272 24165 WMH-CIDI 2007 18+ NSDUH 1 1 3
CBHSQ (2014) 1.88 US 21602 24588 WMH-CIDI 2008 18+ NSDUH 1 1 3
CBHSQ (2014) 1.77 US 21755 24319 WMH-CIDI 2009 18+ NSDUH 1 1 3
CBHSQ (2014) 1.73 US 21697 24147 WMH-CIDI 2010 18+ NSDUH 1 1 3
CBHSQ (2014) 1.84 US 21750 24489 WMH-CIDI 2011 18+ NSDUH 1 1 3
Chan Chee et al. (2011) 2.28 France 529 596 CIDI-SF 2005 15–19 French Barometer Study 2 1 3
Chan Chee et al. (2011) 1.98 France 1813 2417 CIDI-SF 2005 20–34 French Barometer Study 2 1 3
Chan Chee et al. (2011) 2.46 France 2655 3690 CIDI-SF 2005 35–54 French Barometer Study 2 1 3
Chan Chee et al. (2011) 1.95 France 2081 3102 CIDI-SF 2005 55–75 French Barometer Study 2 1 3
Chan Chee et al. (2011) 2.02 France 878 1060 CIDI-SF 2010 20–34 French Barometer Study 2 1 3
Chan Chee et al. (2011) 1.52 France 1433 1725 CIDI-SF 2010 35–54 French Barometer Study 2 1 3
Chan Chee et al. (2011) 2.65 France 1122 1527 CIDI-SF 2010 55–75 French Barometer Study 2 1 3
Cho et al. (2010)* 2.40 South Korea 560 683 K-CIDI 2.1 2007 18–29 Korean National Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study- Replication (KECA-R) 2 1 3
Cho et al. (2010)* 2.55 South Korea 688 1136 K-CIDI 2.1 2007 30–39 KECA-R 2 1 3
Cho et al. (2010)* 1.26 South Korea 690 1065 K-CIDI 2.1 2007 40–49 KECA-R 2 1 3
Cho et al. (2010)* 1.85 South Korea 431 683 K-CIDI 2.1 2007 50–59 KECA-R 2 1 3
Cho et al. (2007) 3.18 South Korea 3524 2751 K-CIDI 2.1 2001 18–64 KECA 2 1 3
Coyne & Marcus (2006) 2.15 US 11612 14903 CIDI-SF 1999 18+ National Health Interview Survey 2 2 1 3
Coyne & Marcus (2006) 2.29 US 1590 2696 CIDI-SF 1999 18+ National Health Interview Survey 3 2 1 3
Danielson et al. (2005). 1.98 US 2020 2003 NSA interview 1995 12–17 National Survey of Adolescents (NSA) 1 2 1 3
de Graaf et al. (2012) 1.57 Netherlands 2977 3669 WMH-CIDI 2008 18–64 NEMESIS II 2 1 3
Farbstein et al. (2010) 2.55 Israel 497 460 DAWBA 2005 14–17 Israel Survey of Mental Health among Adolescents (ISMEHA) 3 1 2
Ford et al. (2003)* 1.51 Great Britain 1284 1340 DAWBA 1999 13–15 British Child & Adolescent Mental Health Survey 2 1 0
Gabilondo et al. (2010). 2.83 Spain 733 834 WMH-CIDI 2002 18–34 ESEMeDW 2 1 3
Gabilondo et al. (2010). 1.82 Spain 622 809 WMH-CIDI 2002 35–49 ESEMeDW 2 1 3
Gabilondo et al. (2010). 2.83 Spain 437 587 WMH-CIDI 2002 50–64 ESEMeDW 2 1 3
Gabilondo et al. (2010). 6.29 Spain 629 822 WMH-CIDI 2002 65+ ESEMeDW 2 1 3
Gavin et al. (2009) 1.92 US 1217 2217 WMH-CIDI 2002 18+ National Survey of American Life 3 2 1 4
Goodwin & Gotlib (2004) 1.75 US 1492 1540 CIDI-SF 1996 25–74 MIDUS (Midlife in the US) 1 1 2 3
Graham et al. (2007) 2.06 Canada 6214 7878 CIDI 2005 18–76 Gender Alcohol and Culture: An International Study (GENACIS) 2 1 3
Grant (1995) 1.31 US 21431 21431 AUDADIS 1992 18+ National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey (NLAES) 1 2 1 4
Gureje et al. (2006)* 0.83 Nigeria 1595 1580 WMH-CIDI 2003 18–34 Nigerian Survey of Mental Health & Wellbeing (NSMHW)W 2 1 3
Gureje et al. (2006)* 1.84 Nigeria 809 822 WMH-CIDI 2003 35–49 NSMHWW 2 1 3
Gureje et al. (2006)* 1.28 Nigeria 503 601 WMH-CIDI 2003 50–64 NSMHWW 2 1 3
Haarasilta et al. (2001) 1.36 Finland 437 505 CIDI-SF 1996 15–24 Finnish Health Care Survey (FINHCS) 2 2 3
Hasin et al. (2005)* 1.93 US 2410 2789 AUDADIS 2002 18–24 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol & Related Conditions (NESARC) 1 2 1 3
Hasin et al. (2005)* 2.08 US 1407 2060 AUDADIS 2002 25–29 NESARC 1 2 1 3
Hasin et al. (2005)* 3.28 US 1834 2458 AUDADIS 2002 30–34 NESARC 1 2 1 3
Hasin et al. (2005)* 1.65 US 1989 2661 AUDADIS 2002 35–39 NESARC 1 2 1 3
Hasin et al. (2005)* 2.36 US 2034 2406 AUDADIS 2002 40–44 NESARC 1 2 1 3
Hasin et al. (2005)* 1.84 US 1876 2142 AUDADIS 2002 45–49 NESARC 1 2 1 3
Hasin et al. (2005)* 2.53 US 1603 2004 AUDADIS 2002 50–54 NESARC 1 2 1 3
Hasin et al. (2005)* 1.76 US 1236 1611 AUDADIS 2002 55–59 NESARC 1 2 1 3
Hasin et al. (2005)* 1.41 US 1025 1343 AUDADIS 2002 60–64 NESARC 1 2 1 3
Hasin et al. (2005)* 2.38 US 927 1255 AUDADIS 2002 65–69 NESARC 1 2 1 3
Hasin et al. (2005)* 1.74 US 2177 3846 AUDADIS 2002 70 + NESARC 1 2 1 3
Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica (2014) 6.02 Mexico 1028 1176 CIDI 2010 50+ WHO SAGE- Mexico 3 3^ 3
Joe et al. (2009)* 0.98 US 563 607 WMH-CIDI 2002 13–17 National Survey of American Life 3 3 1 3
Kessler et al. (2010) 2.03 US 1375 1658 WMH- CIDI 2002 18–34 National Comorbidity Survey- Replication (NCS- R)W 1 2 1 3
Kessler et al. (2010) 1.59 US 1343 1522 WMH- CIDI 2002 35–49 NCS-RW 1 2 1 3
Kessler et al. (2010) 1.54 US 854 1068 WMH- CIDI 2002 50–64 NCS-RW 1 2 1 3
Kessler et al. (2010) 3.16 US 567 894 WMH- CIDI 2002 65+ NCS-RW 1 2 1 3
Kessler et al. (1993) 1.86 US 838 927 CIDI 1991 15–24 National Comorbidity Survey (NCS) 1 1 2 3
Kessler et al. (1993) 1.53 US 1246 1378 CIDI 1991 25–34 NCS 1 1 2 3
Kessler et al. (1993) 1.65 US 1065 1178 CIDI 1991 35–44 NCS 1 1 2 3
Kessler et al. (1993) 2.97 US 696 770 CIDI 1991 45–54 NCS 1 1 2 3
Kiejna et al. (2015) 1.82 Poland 1465 1430 WMH-CIDI 2011 18–29 Epidemiology of Mental Health and Access to Care Survey (EZOP)W 1 1 4
Kiejna et al. (2015) 1.76 Poland 1069 1050 WMH-CIDI 2011 30–39 EZOPW 1 1 4
Kiejna et al. (2015) 2.51 Poland 938 936 WMH-CIDI 2011 40–49 EZOPW 1 1 4
Kiejna et al. (2015) 2.37 Poland 1411 1782 WMH-CIDI 2011 50–64 EZOPW 1 1 4
Kim et al. (2015)* 2.36 South Korea 691 636 K-CIDI 2011 18–29 KECA-2011 1 1 3
Kim et al. (2015)* 2.02 South Korea 655 645 K-CIDI 2011 30–39 KECA-2011 1 1 3
Kim et al. (2015)* 2.50 South Korea 687 682 K-CIDI 2011 40–49 KECA-2011 1 1 3
Kim et al. (2015)* 2.01 South Korea 542 553 K-CIDI 2011 50–59 KECA-2011 1 1 3
Kim et al. (2015)* 3.40 South Korea 315 351 K-CIDI 2011 60–69 KECA-2011 1 1 3
Kim et al. (2015)* 3.65 South Korea 112 149 K-CIDI 2011 70+ KECA-2011 1 1 3
Lara et al. (2015) 1.80 Spain 435 523 CIDI 2012 18–49 Collaborative Research on Aging in Europe (COURAGE)- Spain 2 1 3
Lara et al. (2015) 1.95 Spain 829 931 CIDI 2012 50–64 COURAGE- Spain 2 1 3
Lara et al. (2015) 4.17 Spain 814 1051 CIDI 2012 65+ COURAGE- Spain 2 1 3
Lepine et al. (1997) 1.75 Belgium 4032 4044 MINI 1995 18+ DEPRES (Depression Research in European Society) 2 1 2
Lepine et al. (1997) 2.22 France 7162 7355 MINI 1995 15+ DEPRES 2 1 2
Lepine et al. (1997) 1.58 Germany 7798 8386 MINI 1995 14+ DEPRES 2 1 2
Lepine et al. (1997) 1.97 Netherlands 4224 3587 MINI 1995 16+ DEPRES 2 1 2
Lepine et al. (1997) 2.12 Spain 8063 8069 MINI 1995 15+ DEPRES 2 1 2
Lepine et al. (1997) 1.41 UK 7155 8588 MINI 1995 16+ DEPRES 2 1 2
Lorenzo-Blanco et al. (2013) 1.77 US 1127 1427 WMH-CIDI 2003 18+ National Latino & Asian American Study (NLAAS) 5 1 1 3
Maske et al. (2016)* 3.69 Germany 371 413 M-CIDI 2011 18–34 Germany Health Interview and Examination Survey for Adults- mental health module (DEGS1-MH) 2 1 3
Maske et al. (2016)* 4.33 Germany 291 332 M-CIDI 2011 35–44 DEGS1-MH 2 1 3
Maske et al. (2016)* 1.41 Germany 414 524 M-CIDI 2011 45–54 DEGS1-MH 2 1 3
Maske et al. (2016)* 1.21 Germany 399 444 M-CIDI 2011 55–64 DEGS1-MH 2 1 3
Maske et al. (2016)* 3.10 Germany 628 592 M-CIDI 2011 65–79 DEGS1-MH 2 1 3
McMartin et al. (2013)* 2.82 Canada 3228 3078 CIDI-SF 2001 12–14 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) 2 1 3
McMartin et al. (2013)* 3.22 Canada 5425 5380 CIDI-SF 2001 15–19 CCHS 1.1 2 1 3
McMartin et al. (2013)* 1.76 Canada 3350 3997 CIDI-SF 2001 20–24 CCHS 1.1 2 1 3
McMartin et al. (2013)* 1.88 Canada 3914 4586 CIDI-SF 2001 25–29 CCHS 1.1 2 1 3
McMartin et al. (2013)* 1.87 Canada 4644 5306 CIDI-SF 2001 30–34 CCHS 1.1 2 1 3
McMartin et al. (2013)* 1.85 Canada 5687 6429 CIDI-SF 2001 35–39 CCHS 1.1 2 1 3
McMartin et al. (2013)* 2.17 Canada 6073 6458 CIDI-SF 2001 40–44 CCHS 1.1 2 1 3
McMartin et al. (2013)* 2.06 Canada 5368 5647 CIDI-SF 2001 45–49 CCHS 1.1 2 1 3
McMartin et al. (2013)* 1.45 Canada 4759 5184 CIDI-SF 2001 50–54 CCHS 1.1 2 1 3
McMartin et al. (2013)* 2.23 Canada 3867 4226 CIDI-SF 2001 55–59 CCHS 1.1 2 1 3
McMartin et al. (2013)* 1.62 Canada 3136 3782 CIDI-SF 2001 60–64 CCHS 1.1 2 1 3
McMartin et al. (2013)* 1.72 Canada 2988 3625 CIDI-SF 2001 65–69 CCHS 1.1 2 1 3
McMartin et al. (2013)* 1.91 Canada 2607 3572 CIDI-SF 2001 70–74 CCHS 1.1 2 1 3
McMartin et al. (2013)* 2.27 Canada 1914 3140 CIDI-SF 2001 75–79 CCHS 1.1 2 1 3
McMartin et al. (2013)* 1.54 Canada 1783 3746 CIDI-SF 2001 80+ CCHS 1.1 2 1 3
Merikangas et al. (2012) 2.98 US 2147 2003 NIMH DISC-IV 2003 12–19 National Health & Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2001–2004 1 2 1 3
Mohammadi et al. (2005) 2.84 Iran 12660 12530 SADS 2001 18+ The national plan for epidemiologic study of psychiatric disorders in Iran 2 1 4
Mommersteeg et al. (2013)* 1.24 Burkina Faso 2272 2551 WHO WHS 2002 18+ World Health Organization (WHO) World Health Survey (WHS) 2 1 3
Mommersteeg et al.* 1.42 Chad 2196 2447 WHO WHS 2002 18+ WHO World Health Survey 2 1 3
Mommersteeg et al.* 1.70 Comoros 787 972 WHO WHS 2002 18+ WHO World Health Survey 2 1 3
Mommersteeg et al.* 1.64 Congo 1167 1326 WHO WHS 2002 18+ WHO World Health Survey 2 1 3
Mommersteeg et al.* 1.11 Ethiopia 2391 2544 WHO WHS 2002 18+ WHO World Health Survey 2 1 3
Mommersteeg et al.* 1.67 Ghana 1773 2153 WHO WHS 2002 18+ WHO World Health Survey 2 1 3
Mommersteeg et al.* 1.66 Ivory Coast 1818 1361 WHO WHS 2002 18+ WHO World Health Survey 2 1 3
Mommersteeg et al.* 2.03 Kenya 1868 2541 WHO WHS 2002 18+ WHO World Health Survey 2 1 3
Mommersteeg et al.* 2.17 Malawi 2197 3033 WHO WHS 2002 18+ WHO World Health Survey 2 1 3
Mommersteeg et al.* 2.00 Mali 2354 1711 WHO WHS 2002 18+ WHO World Health Survey 2 1 3
Mommersteeg et al.* 1.13 Mauritania 1465 2308 WHO WHS 2002 18+ WHO World Health Survey 2 1 3
Mommersteeg et al.* 2.41 Mauritius 1872 2016 WHO WHS 2002 18+ WHO World Health Survey 2 1 3
Mommersteeg et al.* 1.25 Namibia 1721 2524 WHO WHS 2002 18+ WHO World Health Survey 2 1 3
Mommersteeg et al.* 2.01 Senegal 1641 1515 WHO WHS 2002 18+ WHO World Health Survey 2 1 3
Mommersteeg et al.* 0.93 Swaziland 1417 1667 WHO WHS 2002 18+ WHO World Health Survey 2 1 3
Mommersteeg et al.* 1.29 Tunisia 2344 2725 WHO WHS 2002 18+ WHO World Health Survey 2 1 3
Mommersteeg et al.* 1.77 Zimbabwe 1489 2600 WHO WHS 2002 18+ WHO World Health Survey 2 1 3
Mommersteeg et al.* 1.57 Brazil 2188 2812 WHO WHS 2002 18+ WHO World Health Survey 2 1 3
Mommersteeg et al.* 1.94 Dominican Republic 2104 2430 WHO WHS 2002 18+ WHO World Health Survey 2 1 3
Mommersteeg et al.* 1.85 Ecuador 2051 2602 WHO WHS 2002 18+ WHO World Health Survey 2 1 3
Mommersteeg et al.* 2.48 Mexico 16377 22368 WHO WHS 2002 18+ WHO World Health Survey 2 1 3
Mommersteeg et al.* 3.39 Paraguay 2353 2789 WHO WHS 2002 18+ WHO World Health Survey 2 1 3
Mommersteeg et al.* 3.25 Uruguay 1449 1530 WHO WHS 2002 18+ WHO World Health Survey 2 1 3
Mommersteeg et al.* 1.82 Bangladesh 2584 2966 WHO WHS 2002 18+ WHO World Health Survey 2 1 3
Mommersteeg et al.* 2.01 China 1954 2039 WHO WHS 2002 18+ WHO World Health Survey 2 1 3
Mommersteeg et al.* 2.21 Georgia 1165 1590 WHO WHS 2002 18+ WHO World Health Survey 2 1 3
Mommersteeg et al.* 1.30 India 4849 5144 WHO WHS 2002 18+ WHO World Health Survey 2 1 3
Mommersteeg et al.* 1.65 Kazakhstan 1544 2951 WHO WHS 2002 18+ WHO World Health Survey 2 1 3
Mommersteeg et al.* 1.63 Lao PDR 2295 2594 WHO WHS 2002 18+ WHO World Health Survey 2 1 3
Mommersteeg et al.* 1.37 Malaysia 2673 3366 WHO WHS 2002 18+ WHO World Health Survey 2 1 3
Mommersteeg et al.* 2.01 Myanmar 2551 3335 WHO WHS 2002 18+ WHO World Health Survey 2 1 3
Mommersteeg et al.* 1.52 Nepal 3698 4990 WHO WHS 2002 18+ WHO World Health Survey 2 1 3
Mommersteeg et al.* 2.34 Pakistan 3565 2810 WHO WHS 2002 18+ WHO World Health Survey 2 1 3
Mommersteeg et al.* 1.49 Philippines 4659 5416 WHO WHS 2002 18+ WHO World Health Survey 2 1 3
Mommersteeg et al.* 0.83 Sri Lanka 3136 3596 WHO WHS 2002 18+ WHO World Health Survey 2 1 3
Mommersteeg et al.* 0.84 UAE 617 563 WHO WHS 2002 18+ WHO World Health Survey 2 1 3
Mommersteeg et al.* 7.04 Vietnam 1572 1919 WHO WHS 2002 18+ WHO World Health Survey 2 1 3
Mommersteeg et al.* 3.82 Bosnia & Herzegovina 434 594 WHO WHS 2002 18+ WHO World Health Survey 2 1 3
Mommersteeg et al.* 1.42 Croatia 401 589 WHO WHS 2002 18+ WHO World Health Survey 2 1 3
Mommersteeg et al.* 1.46 Czech Republic 419 516 WHO WHS 2002 18+ WHO World Health Survey 2 1 3
Mommersteeg et al.* 1.75 Estonia 366 645 WHO WHS 2002 18+ WHO World Health Survey 2 1 3
Mommersteeg et al.* 2.57 Hungary 591 828 WHO WHS 2002 18+ WHO World Health Survey 2 1 3
Mommersteeg et al.* 1.92 Russia 1592 2828 WHO WHS 2002 18+ WHO World Health Survey 2 1 3
Mommersteeg et al.* 3.08 Slovakia 952 1530 WHO WHS 2002 18+ WHO World Health Survey 2 1 3
Mommersteeg et al.* 1.70 Spain 2623 3740 WHO WHS 2002 18+ WHO World Health Survey 2 1 3
Mommersteeg et al.* 2.03 Ukraine 1001 1844 WHO WHS 2002 18+ WHO World Health Survey 2 1 3
National Research Institute of Public Health, Russian Academy of Medical Science (2013) 3.02 Russia 1520 2376 CIDI 2009 50+ WHO SAGE- Russia 3 3^ 3
Patten (2005)* 2.74 Canada 1432 1434 WMH-CIDI 2002 15–19 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) 1.2 2 1 3
Patten (2005)* 1.48 Canada 1305 1502 WMH-CIDI 2002 20–24 CCHS 1.2 2 1 3
Patten (2005)* 2.20 Canada 1074 1468 WMH-CIDI 2002 25–29 CCHS 1.2 2 1 3
Patten (2005)* 1.64 Canada 1498 1731 WMH-CIDI 2002 30–34 CCHS 1.2 2 1 3
Patten (2005)* 1.51 Canada 1669 1860 WMH-CIDI 2002 35–39 CCHS 1.2 2 1 3
Patten (2005)* 1.80 Canada 1775 1738 WMH-CIDI 2002 40–44 CCHS 1.2 2 1 3
Patten (2005)* 1.67 Canada 1443 1464 WMH-CIDI 2002 45–49 CCHS 1.2 2 1 3
Patten (2005)* 2.69 Canada 1282 1517 WMH-CIDI 2002 50–54 CCHS 1.2 2 1 3
Patten (2005)* 1.34 Canada 1264 1465 WMH-CIDI 2002 55–59 CCHS 1.2 2 1 3
Patten (2005)* 0.89 Canada 1092 1235 WMH-CIDI 2002 60–64 CCHS 1.2 2 1 3
Patten (2005)* 1.37 Canada 889 1184 WMH-CIDI 2002 65–69 CCHS 1.2 2 1 3
Patten (2005)* 1.13 Canada 834 1206 WMH-CIDI 2002 70–74 CCHS 1.2 2 1 3
Patten (2005)* 0.97 Canada 599 1042 WMH-CIDI 2002 75–79 CCHS 1.2 2 1 3
Patten (2005)* 0.22 Canada 617 1365 WMH-CIDI 2002 80+ CCHS 1.2 2 1 3
Patten (2005)* 3.03 Canada 967 1057 WMH-CIDI 2012 15–19 CCHS- MH (Mental Health) 2 1 3
Patten (2005)* 1.17 Canada 923 1066 WMH-CIDI 2012 20–24 CCHS- MH 2 1 3
Patten (2005)* 2.09 Canada 737 880 WMH-CIDI 2012 25–29 CCHS- MH 2 1 3
Patten (2005)* 2.00 Canada 808 1061 WMH-CIDI 2012 30–34 CCHS- MH 2 1 3
Patten (2005)* 1.52 Canada 827 902 WMH-CIDI 2012 35–39 CCHS- MH 2 1 3
Patten (2005)* 1.41 Canada 877 814 WMH-CIDI 2012 40–44 CCHS- MH 2 1 3
Patten (2005)* 1.37 Canada 795 875 WMH-CIDI 2012 45–49 CCHS- MH 2 1 3
Patten (2005)* 2.04 Canada 904 1052 WMH-CIDI 2012 50–54 CCHS- MH 2 1 3
Patten (2005)* 1.86 Canada 1016 1229 WMH-CIDI 2012 55–59 CCHS- MH 2 1 3
Patten (2005)* 1.57 Canada 975 1231 WMH-CIDI 2012 60–64 CCHS- MH 2 1 3
Patten (2005)* 2.31 Canada 847 1071 WMH-CIDI 2012 65–69 CCHS- MH 2 1 3
Patten (2005)* 0.39 Canada 639 793 WMH-CIDI 2012 70–74 CCHS- MH 2 1 3
Patten (2005)* 1.13 Canada 466 718 WMH-CIDI 2012 75–79 CCHS- MH 2 1 3
Patten (2005)* 5.07 Canada 559 1024 WMH-CIDI 2012 80+ CCHS- MH 2 1 3
Peltzer & Phaswana-Mafuya (2013) 1.08 South Africa 1638 2202 WMH-CIDI 2008 50+ WHO SAGE- South Africa 2 3^ 3
Pirkola et al. (2005)* 2.26 Finland 983 1094 CIDI 2001 30–44 Health 2000 2 1 3
Pirkola et al. (2005) 1.62 Finland 768 812 CIDI 2001 45–54 Health 2000 2 1 3
Pirkola et al. (2005) 2.10 Finland 486 563 CIDI 2001 55–64 Health 2000 2 1 3
Pirkola et al. (2005) 2.49 Finland 511 788 CIDI 2001 65+ Health 2000 2 1 3
Rafful et al. (2012) 1.65 Mexico 842 1218 WMH- CIDI 2002 18–29 Mexico National Comorbidity Survey (M-NCS)W 1 1 4
Rafful et al. (2012) 2.40 Mexico 852 1384 WMH- CIDI 2002 30–44 (M-NCS)W 1 1 4
Rafful et al. (2012) 2.20 Mexico 591 895 WMH- CIDI 2002 45–65 (M-NCS)W 1 1 4
Rapsey et al. (2015)* 1.91 Iraq 2091 2241 WMH- CIDI 2007 18–96 Iraq Mental Health Survey W 3 1 4
Sandanger et al. (2007) 1.55 Norway 803 888 CIDI 1.2 2001 18+ – 1 1 3
Scott et al. (2010)* 1.61 New Zealand 713 822 WMH-CIDI 2004 16–24 New Zealand Mental Health Survey (NZMHS)W 2 1 3
Scott et al. (2010)* 2.10 New Zealand 1000 1414 WMH-CIDI 2004 25–34 NZMHSW 2 1 3
Scott et al. (2010)* 1.23 New Zealand 1231 1659 WMH-CIDI 2004 35–44 NZMHSW 2 1 3
Scott et al. (2010)* 1.70 New Zealand 1023 1222 WMH-CIDI 2004 45–54 NZMHSW 2 1 3
Scott et al. (2010)* 3.28 New Zealand 730 934 WMH-CIDI 2004 55–64 NZMHSW 2 1 3
Scott et al. (2010)* 3.31 New Zealand 937 1307 WMH-CIDI 2004 65+ NZMHSW 2 1 3
Shah et al. (2011) 1.84 US 838 927 DIS 1991 17–39 NHANES- III 3 2 2 4
Shah et al. (2011) 2.34 US 1246 1378 DIS 1991 17–39 NHANES- III 2 2 2 4
Shah et al. (2011) 2.16 US 1065 1178 DIS 1991 17–39 NHANES- III 5 2 2 4
Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention (2012) 1.58 China 6409 6466 CIDI 2009 50+ WHO SAGE- China 3 3^ 3
Skapinakis et al. (2013) 1.78 Greece 2427 2467 CIS-R 2010 18–70 Psychiatric Morbidity Survey 2 3^ 1
Slade et al. (2009)* 2.92 Australia 681 790 WMH-CIDI 2007 16–24 National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being (NSMHWB)W 2 3^ 3
Slade et al. (2009)* 1.57 Australia 516 774 WMH-CIDI 2007 25–34 NSMHWBW 2 3^ 3
Slade et al. (2009)* 1.17 Australia 756 882 WMH-CIDI 2007 35–44 NSMHWBW 2 3^ 3
Slade et al. (2009)* 1.34 Australia 566 698 WMH-CIDI 2007 45–54 NSMHWBW 2 3^ 3
Slade et al. (2009)* 2.80 Australia 604 669 WMH-CIDI 2007 55–64 NSMHWBW 2 3^ 3
Slade et al. (2009)* 1.75 Australia 904 1001 WMH-CIDI 2007 65–85 NSMHWBW 2 3^ 3
Spiers et al. (2012) 1.60 England 4300 4318 CIS-R 1993 16–64 National Psychiatric Morbidity Surveys (NPMS) 2 3^ 1
Spiers et al. (2012) 1.17 England 3606 3622 CIS-R 2000 16–71 NPMS 2 3^ 1
Spiers et al. (2012) 1.50 England 3454 3553 CIS-R 2007 16–78 NPMS 2 3^ 1
Subramaniam et al. (2013)* 1.43 Singapore 1149 1144 WMH-CIDI 2010 18–34 Singapore Mental Health Study 2 1 3
Subramaniam et al. (2013)* 1.00 Singapore 1162 1197 WMH-CIDI 2010 35–49 Singapore Mental Health Study 2 1 3
Subramaniam et al. (2013)* 3.02 Singapore 978 976 WMH-CIDI 2010 50–89 Singapore Mental Health Study 2 1 3
Suttajit et al. (2012)* 2.26 Thailand 1886 1786 MINI 2008 15–24 Thai National Mental Health survey 2 1 4
Suttajit et al. (2012)* 1.52 Thailand 1831 1908 MINI 2008 25–34 Thai National Mental Health survey 2 1 4
Suttajit et al. (2012)* 1.25 Thailand 1904 1982 MINI 2008 35–44 Thai National Mental Health survey 2 1 4
Suttajit et al. (2012)* 1.57 Thailand 2875 2968 MINI 2008 45–59 Thai National Mental Health survey 2 1 4
Takeuchi et al. (2007)* 0.81 US 998 1097 WMH-CIDI 2003 18+ National Latino & Asian American Study (NLAAS) 4 2 1 3
Toussaint et al. (2008)* 2.57 US 563 709 CIDI-SF 1998 18+ - 1 1 2 3
University of Ghana Medical School (2013) 1.72 Ghana 2241 2041 CIDI 2008 50+ WHO SAGE- Ghana 3 3^ 3
Vicente et al. (2006) 2.11 Chile 1281 1697 CIDI 1996 15+ Chilean Psychiatric Prevalence Study 2 2 3
Volken (2013)* 1.25 Switzerland 7919 9936 CIDI- SF 2007 15+ Swiss Health Survey 2 1 3
Wade et al. (2002) 1.93 Canada 643 677 CIDI-SF 1995 12–19 National Population Health Survey (NPHS) 1 2 3
Wittchen et al. (2000) 2.17 Germany 1913 2268 CIDI 1998 18–65 German National Health Interview and Examination Survey 2 1 3
Zhao et al. (2006) 2.21 Canada 12991 14399 CIDI-SF 1997 20–39 NPHS 1 2 3
Zhao et al. (2006) 1.91 Canada 12386 13296 CIDI-SF 1997 40–64 NPHS 1 2 3
Zinzow et al. (2009)* 3.24 US 923 885 NSA interview 2005 12–14 National Survey of Adolescents-Replication (NSA-R) 1 2 1 2
Zinzow et al. (2009)* 2.79 US 928 868 NSA interview 2005 15–17 NSA-R 1 2 1 2
Zubrick et al. (2016)* 4.96 Australia 183 160 DISC-IV 2014 14 Second Australian Child and Adolescent Survey of Health and Well-being 2 1 3
Zubrick et al. (2016)* 3.16 Australia 168 141 DISC-IV 2014 15 Second Australian Child and Adolescent Survey of Health and Well-being 2 1 3
Zubrick et al. (2016)* 3.55 Australia 353 365 DISC-IV 2014 16 Second Australian Child and Adolescent Survey of Health and Well-being 2 1 3
Zubrick et al. (2016)* 2.08 Australia 325 309 DISC-IV 2014 17 Second Australian Child and Adolescent Survey of Health and Well-being 2 1 3

Note. Sample = sample name (not all samples had a name); Interview = diagnostic interview used; OR = untransformed Odds Ratio; NM = n males; NF = n females; Year = year of data collection; Age = age or age range (in years); E = ethnicity (only applies to U.S. samples): 1 = mixed, 2 = > 85% Caucasian, 3 = > 85% African American, 4 = > 85% Asian American, 5 = > 85% Hispanic, 6 = > 85% Native American; F = focus of article: 1 = gender, 2 = depression, 3 = other, no value = no title; M = diagnostic manual or classification system: 1 = DSM-IV or DSM-IV-TR; 2 = DSM-III or DSM-III-R; 3 = ICD-10; T = time span during which depression was diagnosed: 0 = current; 1 = 1 month, 2 = 6 months, 3 = 12 months, 4 = lifetime;

*

= received additional data from author;

W

= World Mental Health Survey Sample;

^

= ICD-10 depressive episode (all other diagnoses were major depressive episodes or major depressive disorders);

DIS = Diagnostic Interview Schedule (Robins et al., 1981); CIDI = Composite International Diagnostic Interview (World Health Organization, 1990, 1997; Smeets & Dingemans, 1993); WMH- CIDI = World Mental Health CIDI or CIDI 3.0 (Kessler & Ustun, 2004); CIDI-SF = CIDI- Short Form (Kessler et al., 1998); K-CIDI = Korean version of the CIDI (Cho et al., 2002); M-CIDI = German version of the CIDI (Wittchen & Pfister, 1997); DAWBA = Development and Well-Being Assessment (Goodman et al., 2000); AUDADIS = Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule (Grant et al., 2001); MINI = Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (Sheehan et al., 1998); NIMH DISC-IV = National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version IV (Shaffer et al., 2000); SADS = Schedule of Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (Endicott & Spitzer, 1978); WHO WHS = World Health Organization World Health Survey- 2002 (World Health Organization, 2002); SCID = Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)-IV Axis I Disorders (First et al., 2002); CIS-R = Clinical Interview Schedule- Revised (Lewis et al., 1992); CIS = Clinical Interview Schedule (Lewis et al., 1992).