Table 4.

Weighted ANOVAs with each Moderator Predicting Gender Differences in Major Depression (unshaded) and Gender Differences in Depression Symptoms (shaded)

Categorical Moderators	OR	d	95% CI	k	Qbetween	Qwithin
Age Group (in years)				184@	122.54**	231.75*
12	2.37	0.48	[1.68, 3.37]	2		0.38
13–15	3.02	0.61	[2.76, 3.30]	24		43.13*
16–19	2.69	0.55	[2.39, 3.03]	17		14.54
20–29	1.93	0.36	[1.76, 2.12]	26		23.43
30–39	1.83	0.33	[1.65, 2.03]	20		15.89
40–49	1.71	0.30	[1.56, 1.87]	29		28.04
50–59	1.80	0.32	[1.63, 2.00]	25		17.85
60–69	1.79	0.32	[1.56, 2.06]	18		18.21
70+	2.02	0.39	[1.75, 2.33]	23		70.28*
Age group (in years)				324@	117.90**	319.00
8–12	1.18	0.09	[0.00, 0.17]	13		17.52
13–15	1.89	0.35	[0.32, 0.39]	53		51.19
16–19	2.10	0.41	[0.37, 0.44]	66		84.60*
20–29	1.72	0.30	[0.23, 0.37]	19		9.44
30–39	1.52	0.23	[0.17, 0.29]	21		6.16
40–49	1.46	0.21	[0.15, 0.26]	24		8.27
50–59	1.41	0.19	[0.14, 0.25]	29		24.59
60–69	1.57	0.25	[0.21, 0.29]	44		66.89*
70–79	1.52	0.23	[0.18, 0.28]	29		29.55
80+	1.46	0.21	[0.15, 0.26]	26		20.80
GDP				300	4.13*	316.25
High-income	2.00	0.38	[1.91, 2.09]	223		238.33
Low- to middle- income	1.82	0.33	[1.69, 1.97]	77		77.92
GDP				413	1.66	405.53
High-income	1.60	0.26	[0.25, 0.28]	330		351.71
Low- to middle- income	1.69	0.29	[0.26, 0.33]	83		53.82
Ethnicity (U.S.)				89	2.24	88.34
Mixed	2.20	0.43	[2.05, 2.36]	81		85.40
African Americans	1.74	0.31	[1.23, 2.46]	4		2.71
European Americans	2.23	0.44	[1.45, 3.43]	2		0.04
Hispanic Americans	1.95	0.37	[1.24, 3.07]	2		0.18
Native Americans	1.86	0.34	[1.05, 3.30]	2		0.02
Ethnicity (U.S.)				87	5.24	85.92
Mixed	1.52	0.23	[0.21, 0.26]	66		75.20
African Americans	1.57	0.13	[0.04, 0.22]	7		2.59
European Americans	1.39	0.18	[0.09, 0.27]	6		1.69
Hispanic Americans	1.49	0.22	[0.13, 0.31]	8		6.44
Data Source				300	111.54**	316.34
Unpublished data	1.83	0.33	[1.74, 1.93]	167
Published data	2.09	0.41	[1.98, 2.20]	133
Data Source				413	1.21	405.99
Unpublished data	1.63	0.27	[0.26, 0.29]	357		367.42
Published data	1.57	0.25	[0.20, 0.29]	56		38.56
Focus of article				300	15.31**	319.19
Depression	1.86	0.34	[1.77, 1.94]	210		219.21
Other	2.21	0.44	[2.05, 2.38]	62		91.28*
Gender	2.04	0.39	[1.80, 2.32]	28		8.69
Focus of article				413	2.37	405.52
Depression	1.60	0.26	[0.24, 0.28]	233		167.47
Other	1.69	0.29	[0.24, 0.33]	61		685.28*
Gender	1.66	0.28	[0.25, 0.31]	119		152.77*
Diagnostic Interview				300	0.85	316.59
WMH-CIDI	1.99	0.38	[1.88, 2.11]	135		181.95*
Other	1.92	0.36	[1.82, 2.02]	165		134.65
Symptom Measure				413	18.26**	406.14
CES-D	2.48	0.25	[0.23, 0.28]	198		158.23
BDI	1.44	0.20	[0.15, 0.25]	49		23.28
Other	1.75	0.31	[0.28, 0.33]	166		224.63
Manual for Major Depression				300	2.42	315.51
DSM-IV/ DSM-IV-TR	1.97	0.37	[1.89, 2.05]	265		282.46
DSM-III/ DSM- III-R	1.97	0.37	[1.69, 2.30]	18		4.89
ICD-10	1.73	0.30	[1.47, 2.03]	17		28.16*
Type for Major Depression				300	0.82	313.80
Depressive Episode	1.93	0.36	[1.85, 2.02]	215		251.50*
Major Depressive Disorder	2.01	0.38	[1.87, 2.17]	85		62.30
Time span for Major Depression				299	2.96	313.99
12 months	1.96	0.37	[1.88, 2.04]	263		298.14+
Lifetime	1.98	0.38	[1.72, 2.28]	23		9.78
6 months	2.01	0.38	[1.63, 2.47]	9		5.16
1 month	1.49	0.22	[1.09, 2.04]	4		0.91

Note. OR = weighted mean effect size. d = weighted mean effect size. 95% CI = 95% confidence interval for d. k = number of effect sizes for moderator or category in each moderator. Q_between = Significant values indicate that there is significant variability accounted for by the moderator. Q_within = Significant values indicate that studies are still heterogeneous after accounting for the moderator variable. MDE = major depressive episode (also includes ICD-10 depressive episode).

⁺p <.10.

^*p <.05.

^**p <.001.

^@= To more sensitively test developmental effects, lifetime depression was excluded for major depression diagnoses and samples with large age ranges (e.g., 18–64) were excluded for both meta-analyses.