Table 6.

Comparison of Key Findings of Diagnosis Meta-analysis and Symptom Meta-analysis

	Major Depression	Depression Symptoms
Overall effect size for gender differences	OR = 1.95	d = 0.27
Age trends	Significant quadratic trend. OR peaked at ages 13–15, declined into the 20s, and stayed stable after that.	Significant quadratic trend. No gender difference at ages 8–11. d peaked at age 16, declined into the 30s, and stayed stable after that.
Nation-level economic indicators
High-income v.  low- to middle-income	Larger OR in wealthier nations	n.s. (significant with outliers excluded, smaller OR in wealthier nations)
Income inequality	n.s.	Smaller d in nations with greater income inequality (n.s. with outliers excluded)
Nation-level gender-equity indicators
Contraceptive prevalence	Larger OR with greater contraception	n.s.
Executive positions	n.s. (significant with outliers excluded, larger OR with more executive positions)	n.s.
Literacy ratio	Larger OR with greater female: male literacy	n.s.
Ethnicity, U.S.	n.s.	n.s.

Note. n.s. = not significant.