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. 2017 Jul 27;7:6713. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-07220-w

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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AFM-assisted cell-cell force spectroscopy to measure the interaction strength of single CHO-DC-SIGN cells and C. albicans. (A) Parental CHO cells and cells expressing DC-SIGN-WT were incubated with FITC-labeled C. albicans in the presence or absence of blocking agents; anti-DC-SIGN antibody and EDTA. The percentage of cells that bound C. albicans was calculated by flow cytometry. Data are presented as means ± S.D. (B) Schematic set-up showing a single C. albicans cell immobilized on a tip-less AFM cantilever interacting with a CHO-DC-SIGN cell. (C) Example brightfield image that shows how a C. albicans cell on the tip (indicating by dashed white ellipse) is positioned to interact with four different CHO-DC-SIGN cells. The positions at which the C. albicans is brought into contact are indicated by asterisks. (D) Example FD-curves of C. albicans interacting with parental CHO, CHO-DC-SIGN-WT with addition of 30 µg/ml anti-DC-SIGN blocking antibody for 30 minutes.