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. 2017 Jul 27;7:6683. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-05938-1

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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MHE is associated with expansion of Th follicular and Th22 CD4⁺ T lymphocytes subsets. (A) Analysis of the expression of the transcription factors AHR, RORC, BCL6, FOXP3, TBX21 and GATA3 mRNA expression in PBMCs. Data represent the normalized target gene amount relative to controls which are considered as 1. Values are the mean ± SEM of the following number of individuals: CONTROL n = 19; without MHE (NMHE) n = 15; with MHE (MHE) n = 15. (B) Analysis of cytokines secreted by isolated CD4⁺ T cells in vitro in the absence (−) or the presence (+) of added CD28. Values are given as the fold increase of cytokines levels over controls, which are considered as 1. Values are the mean ± SEM of the following number of individuals: CONTROL n = 9; NMHE n = 5; MHE n = 7. Values significantly different from controls are indicated by asterisks*. Values significantly different in patients with MHE compared to NMHE are indicated by α. (*/^αp < 0.05; **/^ααp < 0.01; ***p < 0.001).