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. 2017 Jul 27;7:6643. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-06910-9

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Expression of miR-352 in collateral vessels of the ligature-only side (LO) and the AV-shunt side (AVS). (A) Collateral vessels that were infused with liquid latex in the superficial adductor muscles from both the LO and AVS. An increased number of collaterals was evident in the AVS (indicated by arrows); original magnification: 10×. (B) Quantitative analysis of miR-352 expression by stem-loop qPCR in LO and AVS collateral vessels from each animal (***P < 0.001, n = 5). (C) In situ hybridization from miR-352 in collateral vessels of the LO and AVS. Green fluorescence and red fluorescence for CD31 and α-SM-actin, respectively. The U6 probe was used as a positive control, and miR-159 served as a negative control because this miRNA is not expressed in mammalian tissue. Notably, miR-352 was present mainly in endothelial and smooth muscle cells of the collateral vessels, and its expression was decreased in collateral vessels of the AVS as compared with those in the LO.