Table 2. Results from the Cox proportional-hazards model measuring HRs and 95% CIs of PD associated with patients with ED.
| Characteristics | Crude | Adjusted | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | (95% CI) | p | HR | (95% CI) | p | |
| ED | 2.34 | (1.71–3.21) | <0.0001 | 1.50 | (1.07–2.10) | 0.019 |
| Comorbidity | ||||||
| Hypertension | 3.04 | (2.28–4.04) | <0.0001 | 1.11 | (0.81–1.52) | 0.512 |
| Depression | 4.61 | (2.63–8.09) | <0.0001 | 1.58 | (0.77–3.23) | 0.214 |
| Schizophrenia | 14.94 | (8.33–26.79) | <0.0001 | 19.44 | (10.35–36.54) | <0.0001 |
| Constipation | 5.03 | (3.06–8.28) | <0.0001 | 1.42 | (0.84–2.39) | 0.193 |
| Hyposomnia | 2.73 | (1.78–4.19) | <0.0001 | 1.50 | (0.90–2.51) | 0.123 |
| Insurance premiums | ||||||
| <17,500 NTD/month | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | ||
| 17,500–25,000 NTD/month | 0.71 | (0.51–0.98) | 0.038 | 1.01 | (0.71–1.44) | 0.938 |
| >25,000 NTD/month | 0.50 | (0.35–0.71) | <0.0001 | 0.99 | (0.68–1.45) | 0.960 |
| Geographic region | ||||||
| Northern/central | 1.00 | reference | 1.00 | Reference | ||
| Southern/eastern | 1.10 | (0.82–1.47) | 0.546 | 0.99 | (0.73–1.36) | 0.982 |
Adjusted HR: adjusted for ED, age, CCIS, insurance premiums, comorbidity of diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, anxiety, depression, alcoholism, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, drugs causing parkinsonism, antipsychotic medications, constipation, RBD, and hyposomnia in Cox proportional-hazards regression.
CCIS: Charlson Comorbidity Index Score, CI: confidence interval, ED: erectile dysfunction, HR: hazard ratio, NTD: New Taiwan Dollar, PD: Parkinson's disease, RBD: rapid-eye-movement-sleep behavior disorder.