Table 3. Results of the stratified Cox proportion-hazards model for PD associated with ED patients and non-ED patients.
| Characteristics | Crude | Adjusted | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | (95% CI) | p | HR | (95% CI) | p | |
| ED | 1.42 | 1.08–1.88 | 0.011 | 1.38 | 1.02–1.86 | 0.034 |
| Comorbidity | ||||||
| Hypertension | 1.50 | 1.36–1.66 | <0.001 | 1.46 | 1.15–1.86 | 0.002 |
| Depression | 1.69 | 1.33–2.16 | <0.001 | 1.79 | 1.12–2.87 | 0.015 |
| Schizophrenia | 9.20 | 7.08–11.96 | <0.001 | 5.91 | 2.51–13.92 | <0.001 |
| Constipation | 1.91 | 1.64–2.23 | <0.001 | 1.62 | 1.14–2.31 | 0.007 |
| Hyposomnia | 1.38 | 1.15–1.65 | <0.001 | 1.60 | 1.12–2.30 | 0.010 |
| Insurance premiums | ||||||
| <17,500 NTD/month | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| 17,500–25,000 NTD/month | 0.74 | 0.66–0.82 | <0.001 | 0.68 | 0.51–0.91 | 0.009 |
| >25,000 NTD/month | 0.77 | 0.69–0.87 | <0.001 | 0.75 | 0.57–0.99 | 0.044 |
| Geographic region | ||||||
| Northern/central | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||
| Southern/eastern | 1.18 | 1.08–1.30 | <0.001 | 1.29 | 1.02–1.65 | 0.037 |
Stratified by age and CCIS. Adjusted HR: adjusted for ED, age, CCIS, insurance premiums, comorbidity of diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, anxiety, depression, alcoholism, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, drugs causing parkinsonism, antipsychotic medications, constipation, RBD, and hyposomnia in Cox proportional-hazards regression.
CCIS: Charlson Comorbidity Index Score, CI: confidence interval, ED: erectile dysfunction, HR: hazard ratio, NTD: New Taiwan Dollar, PD: Parkinson's disease, RBD: rapid-eye-movement-sleep behavior disorder.