Table 4. Risk for PD in patients with and without ED.
| Variables | ED (n=3,153) | Non–ED (n=12,612) | IRR (95% CI) | Adjusted HR (95% CI) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Event | Person years | IR | Event | Person years | IR | |||
| Total | 55 | 15,989 | 3.44 | 0141 | 86,190 | 1.64 | 2.10 (1.54–2.87)‡ | 1.50 (1.07–2.10)* |
| CCIS | ||||||||
| 0 or 1 | 30 | 13,240 | 2.27 | 109 | 80,746 | 1.35 | 1.68 (1.12–2.51)* | 1.25 (0.81–1.93) |
| 2 or 3 | 22 | 2,372 | 9.27 | 28 | 4,591 | 6.10 | 1.52 (0.87–2.66) | 2.17 (1.18–4.02)* |
| >4 | 3 | 377 | 7.96 | 4 | 0852 | 4.69 | 1.70 (0.38–7.57) | 3.44 (0.42–27.92) |
| Comorbidity | ||||||||
| Diabetes | ||||||||
| No | 36 | 12,822 | 2.81 | 122 | 80,412 | 1.52 | 1.85 (1.28–2.68)‡ | 1.20 (0.81–1.79) |
| Yes | 19 | 3,166 | 6.00 | 19 | 5,779 | 3.29 | 1.83 (0.97–3.45) | 2.82 (1.42–5.63)† |
| Hypertension | ||||||||
| No | 23 | 10,815 | 2.13 | 95 | 72,905 | 1.30 | 1.63 (1.03–2.57)* | 1.03 (0.63–1.69) |
| Yes | 32 | 5,173 | 6.19 | 46 | 13,286 | 3.46 | 1.79 (1.14–2.81)* | 2.19 (1.35–3.55)† |
| Hyperlipidemia | ||||||||
| No | 40 | 13,204 | 3.03 | 126 | 81,101 | 1.55 | 1.95 (1.37–2.78)‡ | 1.39 (0.95–2.04) |
| Yes | 15 | 2,785 | 5.39 | 15 | 5,089 | 2.95 | 1.83 (0.89–3.74) | 1.79 (0.83–3.86) |
| Anxiety | ||||||||
| No | 48 | 14,181 | 3.38 | 123 | 83,172 | 1.48 | 2.29 (1.64–3.20)‡ | 1.71 (1.20–2.45)† |
| Yes | 7 | 1,808 | 3.87 | 18 | 3,018 | 5.96 | 0.65 (0.27–1.55) | 0.69 (0.26–1.81) |
| Depression | ||||||||
| No | 52 | 15,313 | 3.40 | 131 | 85,271 | 1.54 | 2.21 (1.60–3.05)‡ | 1.65 (1.17–2.33)† |
| Yes | 3 | 675 | 4.44 | 10 | 920 | 10.87 | 0.41 (0.11–1.49) | 0.16 (0.02–1.13) |
| Alcoholism | ||||||||
| No | 55 | 15,954 | 3.45 | 139 | 86,055 | 1.62 | 2.13 (1.56–2.92)‡ | 1.51 (1.08–2.12)* |
| Yes | 0 | 35 | 0 | 2 | 136 | 14.71 | 0 | |
| Obesity | ||||||||
| No | 55 | 15,941 | 3.45 | 141 | 86,141 | 1.64 | 2.11 (1.54–2.88)‡ | 1.50 (1.18–1.90)‡ |
| Yes | 0 | 48 | 0 | 0 | 49 | 0 | 0 | |
| Bipolar disorder | ||||||||
| No | 54 | 15,834 | 3.41 | 137 | 85,973 | 1.59 | 2.14 (1.56–2.93)‡ | 1.56 (1.11–2.20)† |
| Yes | 1 | 155 | 6.45 | 4 | 217 | 18.43 | 0.35 (0.04–3.13) | |
| Schizophrenia | ||||||||
| No | 53 | 15,886 | 3.34 | 131 | 85,839 | 1.53 | 2.19 (1.59–3.01)‡ | 1.58 (1.12–2.23)† |
| Yes | 2 | 103 | 19.42 | 10 | 352 | 28.41 | 0.68 (0.15–3.12) | 0.82 (0.11–6.31) |
| Constipation | ||||||||
| No | 50 | 15,302 | 3.27 | 129 | 84,945 | 1.52 | 2.15 (1.55–2.98)‡ | 1.54 (1.08–2.19)* |
| Yes | 5 | 686 | 7.29 | 12 | 1,245 | 9.64 | 0.76 (1.27–2.15) | 1.05 (0.32–3.37) |
| RBD | ||||||||
| No | 44 | 13,939 | 3.16 | 128 | 82,744 | 1.55 | 2.04 (1.45–2.87)‡ | 1.49 (1.04–2.15)* |
| Yes | 11 | 2,049 | 5.37 | 13 | 3,445 | 3.77 | 1.42 (0.64–3.18) | 1.68 (0.69–4.11) |
| Hyposomnia | ||||||||
| No | 48 | 14,133 | 3.40 | 124 | 83,014 | 1.49 | 2.27 (1.63–3.17)‡ | 1.71 (1.19–2.45)† |
| Yes | 7 | 1,854 | 3.78 | 17 | 3,176 | 5.35 | 0.71 (0.29–1.70) | 0.69 (0.27–1.75) |
| Drugs causing parkinsonism | ||||||||
| No | 10 | 4,411 | 2.27 | 35 | 40,562 | 0.86 | 2.63 (1.30–5.31)† | 1.49 (0.70–3.18) |
| Yes | 45 | 11,578 | 3.89 | 106 | 45,629 | 2.32 | 1.67 (1.18–2.37)† | 1.53 (1.05–2.23)* |
| Antipsychotic medications | ||||||||
| No | 10 | 4,894 | 2.04 | 41 | 45,829 | 0.89 | 2.28 (1.14–4.56)* | 1.44 (0.69–3.01) |
| Yes | 45 | 11,094 | 4.06 | 100 | 40,361 | 2.48 | 1.64 (1.15–2.33)† | 1.54 (1.05–2.24)* |
| Insurance premium | ||||||||
| <17,500 NTD/month | 26 | 4,498 | 5.78 | 55 | 25,929 | 2.12 | 2.73 (1.71–4.34)‡ | 2.00 (1.21–3.29)† |
| 17,500–25,000 NTD/month | 11 | 4,517 | 2.44 | 54 | 29,746 | 1.82 | 1.34 (0.70–2.57) | 0.96 (0.47–1.98) |
| >25,000 NTD/month | 18 | 6,974 | 2.58 | 32 | 30,515 | 1.05 | 2.46 (1.38–4.38)† | 1.44 (0.76–2.73) |
| Residence area | ||||||||
| Urban | 19 | 5,507 | 3.45 | 39 | 25,928 | 1.50 | 2.29 (1.33–3.97)† | 1.47 (0.80–2.70) |
| Suburban | 28 | 7,438 | 3.76 | 55 | 39,484 | 1.39 | 2.70 (1.71–4.26)‡ | 1.99 (1.22–3.27)† |
| Rural | 8 | 3,044 | 2.63 | 47 | 20,778 | 2.26 | 1.16 (0.55–2.46) | 0.89 (0.40–2.00) |
| Geographic region | ||||||||
| Northern/central | 38 | 11,735 | 3.24 | 92 | 58,134 | 1.58 | 2.05 (1.40–2.99) | 1.42 (0.94–2.14) |
| Southern/eastern | 17 | 4,254 | 4.00 | 49 | 28,056 | 1.75 | 2.29 (1.32–3.97) | 1.91 (1.05–3.46)* |
Adjusted HR: adjusted for ED, age, CCIS, insurance premiums, comorbidity of diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, anxiety, depression, alcoholism, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, drugs causing parkinsonism, antipsychotic medications, constipation, RBD and hyposomnia in Cox proportional-hazards regression.
*p<0.05, †p<0.01, ‡p<0.001.
CCIS: Charlson Comorbidity Index Score, CI: confidence interval, ED: erectile dysfunction, HR: hazard ratio, IR: incidence rates, per 1,000 person-years, IRR: incidence rate ratio, NTD: New Taiwan Dollar, PD: Parkinson's disease, RBD: rapid-eye-movement-sleep behavior disorder.