Table 2.

Acute neurodegeneration models—stroke and related conditions.

Disease setting	Depletion model	Effect	References
Subarachnoid hemorrhage	Post-operative clodronate i.c.v in C57BL/6 mice injected with autologous blood	Reduced neuronal apoptosis d7 after surgery but not d15. Reduced vasospasm d7 and d15	Hanafy (2013)
Intra-cerebral hemorrhage	α-CCR2 antibody i.p in C57BL/6 mice and Ccr2−/− BM chimeras pre- injection with autologous blood	Ly6Chi monocyte depleted animals displayed a significantly less severe left hemiparesis	Hammond et al. (2014)
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage by filament perforation	Ganciclovir i.c.v in CD11b-HSVTK mice post-ASH	Microglial depletion resulted in significantly reduce neuronal death	Schneider et al. (2015)
Intracerebral hemorrhage	PLX3397 oral gavage CSF1R inhibition by 21 days prior to injection of collagenase or autologous blood in C57BL/6 mice	Reduced leukocyte infiltration in the brain and improved blood–brain barrier integrity	Li et al. (2017)
Neonatal focal arterial stroke	Clodronate i.c.v in neonatal rats or CCR2RFP+/−CX3CR1GFP+/− mice	Microglial depletion exacerbated injury and induced hemorrhages at 24 h	Fernández-López et al. (2016)
MCAO ischemic inflammation and brain injury	Ganciclovir i.p in CD11b-HSVTK mice pre-stroke	Selective ablation of proliferating microglial cells exacerbates ischemic injury in the brain.	Lalancette-Hébert et al. (2007)
MCAO ischemic inflammation and brain injury	Mac-1-saporin i.c.v in Wistar rats pre- or post-stroke	Microglial depletion did not affect the number of neuroblasts exiting the SVZ or their migration in the striatum	Heldmann et al. (2011)
MCAO ischemic inflammation and brain injury	Clodronate i.c.v in neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats pre-stroke	Lack of microglia increased brain levels of several cytokines and chemokines already elevated by ischemia–reperfusion, and increased the severity and volume of injury	Faustino et al. (2011)
Transient MCAO or photothrombosis	CD11b-DTR mice or CCR2−/− chimeric mice	Early depletion of monocytes dramatically increases rate of hemorrhages in both stroke models and worse performance in rotarod	Gliem et al. (2012)
MCAO ischemic inflammation and brain injury	Human umbilical cord blood (HUCB) mononuclear cell transplantation i.v post-stroke in Sprague-Dawley rats	Monocyte depletion prevented HUCB cell treatment from reducing infarct size while monocyte enrichment was sufficient to reduce infarct size	Womble et al. (2014)
MCAO ischemic inflammation and brain injury	Clodronate i.p in ICR mice pre-challenge	Peripheral macrophage depletion reduced the myelin damage and microglia activation, enhanced microvessel density in the peri-infarct region, attenuated brain atrophy, and promoted neurological recovery	Ma et al. (2016)
MCAO ischemic inflammation and brain injury	PLX3397 (chow) CSF1R inhibition in C57BL/6 mice post-challenge	Microglial depletion exacerbated neurodeficits and brain infarction	Jin et al. (2017)
MCAO remote filament brain injury	PLX3397 (chow) CSF1R inhibition in Cx3Cr1GFP/+ mice	Microglia depletion leads to dysregulated neuronal calcium responses, calcium overload and increased neuronal death	Szalay et al. (2016)
MCAO ischemic inflammation and brain injury	Clodronate i.p or α-CCR2 antibody	Depletion of Ly6Chi monocytes increased mortality in monocyte-depleted mice likely due to clodronate toxicity. Specific Ly6Chi depletion did not influence mortality nor infarct volume or rotarod performance	Schmidt et al. (2017)