Table 1.
Summary of clinical, biochemical, echocardiographic, and hemodynamic characteristics of control (CTL), control+methylene blue (CTL+MB), 11-week diabetic (DB), and 11-week diabetic+MB (DB+MB) rats
| CTL | CTL+MB | DB | DB+MB | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Animal data and circulating metabolites | ||||
| BWstart (g) | 285.0 ± 6.9 | 282.0 ± 9.9 | 285.8 ± 4.4 | 285.8 ± 3.4 |
| BWend (g) | 359.0 ± 15.9 | 369.0 ± 16.5 | 273.0 ± 3.8* | 265.0 ± 11.5* |
| NFBG (mg/dL) | 98.6 ± 1.3 | 97.3 ± 4.5 | 400.2 ± 14.9* | 456.8 ± 23.9* |
| FBG (mg/dL) | 99.0 ± 0.5 | 95.3 ± 2.3 | 310.6 ± 10.8* | 320.1 ± 8.9* |
| Hb A1C (%) | 2.5 ± 0.1 | 2.5 ± 0.1 | 5.6 ± 0.1* | 5.6 ± 0.2* |
| Echocardiographic data | ||||
| HR (bpm) | 363 ± 10 | 354 ± 7 | 284 ± 11* | 273 ± 14* |
| End-diastolic dia. (cm) | 0.79 ± 0.02 | 0.77 ± 0.02 | 0.84 ± 0.02* | 0.81 ± 0.01 |
| End-systolic dia. (cm) | 0.45 ± 0.03 | 0.45 ± 0.01 | 0.50 ± 0.03* | 0.44 ± 0.01 |
| Ejection time (msec) | 73 ± 2 | 74 ± 2 | 105 ± 7* | 108 ± 5* |
| Fraction shortening | 0.44 ± 0.03 | 0.43 ± 0.01 | 0.41 ± 0.01 | 0.45 ± 0.01 |
| End-diastolic vol. (ml) | 0.52 ± 0.03 | 0.50 ± 0.03 | 0.64 ± 0.05* | 0.57 ± 0.03 |
| End-systolic vol. (ml) | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.13 ± 0.02* | 0.10 ± 0.01 |
| LV hemodynamics | ||||
| End-systolic vol. (μL) | 132.8 ± 11.4 | 133.4 ± 14.7 | 199.5 ± 28.5* | 149.6 ± 11.4# |
| End-diastolic vol. (μL) | 477.7 ± 6.3 | 450.8 ± 27.2 | 579.7 ± 43.3* | 486.8 ± 26.1# |
| Stroke vol. (µL) | 380.1 ± 22.5 | 367.5 ± 18.3 | 454.9 ± 36.9* | 419.0 ± 17.1 |
| End-systolic pressure (mmHg) | 118.9 ± 4.8 | 124.1 ± 6.4 | 98.6 ± 4.5* | 109.0 ± 3.3* |
| End-diastolic pressure (mmHg) | 6.3 ± 0.5 | 7.6 ± 0.9 | 9.3 ± 0.9* | 8.8 ± 0.2* |
| Ejection fraction (%) | 75.6 ± 1.6 | 78.0 ± 0.9 | 72.9 ± 2.7* | 76.3 ± 1.3# |
| +dP/dt (mmHg/sec) | 6829 ± 638 | 7580 ± 559 | 4464 ± 168* | 4870 ± 401* |
| −dP/dt (mmHg/sec) | 10,292 ± 1027 | 10,551 ± 1346 | 4734 ± 420* | 4773 ± 407* |
| Powermax (mWatts/μL2) | 5.4 ± 0.8 | 7.3 ± 1.1 | 2.85 ± 0.3* | 4.2 ± 0.6# |
| Tauweiss (msec) | 10.1 ± 0.5 | 9.7 ± 0.4 | 19.2 ± 1.1* | 19.0 ± 1.1* |
NFBG non-fasting blood glucose, FBG fasting blood glucose, MPI myocardial performance index, dV diastolic volume, sV systolic volume.
*p < 0.05 CTL (N = 7) versus DB (N = 7), and # p < 0.05 DB (N = 7) versus DB+MB (N = 7). Mean ± SEM. Full list of measured parameters can be found in Additional file: Table S1