Table 1.
Characteristics of study subjects Table 1
| Variables | Type 1 diabetes (n = 116) | LADA (n = 71) | Type 2 diabetes (n = 191) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 56.5 ± 10.8 | 58.3 ± 11.6 | 58.3 ± 10.5 | 0.321 |
| Male n (%) | 52 (44.8) | 37 (52.1) | 105 (55) | 0.224 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.5 ± 3.9 | 27.4 ± 5 | 31.3 ± 5.3 | <0.001a |
| Waist (cm) | 91.6 ± 13.3 | 96.3 ± 14 | 104.8 ± 11.7 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 23.7 ± 12.4 | 13.2 ± 9.7 | 8.7 ± 7.9 | <0.001 |
| Smoking (current/past/never) n (%) | 21 (18.1)/33 (28.4)/62 (53.4) | 17 (23.9)/22 (31)/32 (45.4) | 41 (21.5)/66 (34.6)/83 (43.5) | 0.647 |
| Anti-hypertensive treatment n (%) | 54 (46.6) | 37 (52.1) | 98 (51.3) | 0.667 |
| Statin treatment n (%) | 73 (62.9) | 42 (59.2) | 71 (37. 2) | <0.001a |
| Antiplatelet agents n (%) | 50 (43.1) | 40 (56.3) | 59 (30.9) | 0.002b |
| Metformin treatment n (%) | 0 | 31 (43.7) | 138 (72.3) | <0.001 |
| Insulin treatment n (%) | 100 | 63 (88.7) | 37 (19.4) | <0.001 |
| Fasting glycemia (mg/dl) | 170.9 ± 79.1 | 143.8 ± 53.4 | 151.7 ± 52.6 | 0.006c |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.7 ± 1 | 7.7 ± 1.1 | 7.4 ± 1.3 | 0.07 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 60.6 ± 12.5 | 61 ± 11.4 | 57.3 ± 18.6 | 0.07 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 184.9 ± 29.8 | 178.9 ± 37.8 | 185.6 ± 35.3 | 0.357 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) | 102.6 ± 25.4 | 102 ± 24.8 | 110.6 ± 29.4 | 0.015a |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) | 65.9 ± 14.6 | 61.5 ± 18.2 | 48.4 ± 12.1 | <0.001a |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 79.9 ± 36.4 | 100.5 ± 72.9 | 141.3 ± 78.7 | <0.001a |
| Diabetic retinopathy n (%) | 52 (44.8) | 13 (18.3) | 36 (18.8) | <0.001c |
| Microalbuminuria > 30 mg/g creatinine | 10 (8.6) | 7 (9.9) | 12 (6.3) | 0.563 |
| Urinary albumin:creatinine ratio (mg/g) | 12.2 ± 29.8 | 20.1 ± 69.6 | 14.5 ± 32.9 | 0.451 |
| Mean IMT | 0.750 ± 0.109 | 0.775 ± 0.147 | 0.793 ± 0.135 | 0.047c |
Values are expressed as the mean ± SD or percentages
LADA latent autoimmune diabetes in adults, BMI body mass index, HDL high-density lipoprotein, LDL low-density lipoprotein, HbA1c glycosylated haemoglobin
a Type 2 diabetes different from LADA and type 1 diabetes
b Type 2 diabetes different from LADA
c Type 1 diabetes different from LADA and type 2 diabetes