Table 1.
Clinical Characteristics of Extracorporeal Life Support Registry Subjects
| Vital Status | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alive (N=2495) |
Dead (N=1857) |
Overall (N=4352) |
P-value | |
| Patient Characteristics | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | |
| Male | 1300 (53%) | 969 (53%) | 2269 (53%) | 0.926 |
| Age (years) | 0.003 | |||
| <1 | 1139 (46%) | 886 (48%) | 2025 (47%) | |
| 1–2 | 452 (18%) | 271 (15%) | 723 (17%) | |
| 3–5 | 242 (10%) | 165 (9%) | 407 (9%) | |
| 6–9 | 185 (7%) | 119 (6%) | 304 (7%) | |
| >9 | 477 (19%) | 416 (22%) | 893 (21%) | |
| Year of ECMO | 0.020 | |||
| 2001–2005 | 623 (25%) | 483 (26%) | 1106 (25%) | |
| 2006–2009 | 744 (30%) | 611 (33%) | 1355 (31%) | |
| 2010–2013 | 1128 (45%) | 763 (41%) | 1891 (43%) | |
| Veno-venous ECMO | 1239 (50%) | 626 (34%) | 1865 (43%) | <0.001 |
| Pre-ECMO therapies | ||||
| Mechanical ventilation > 14 days | 157 (7%) | 184 (11%) | 341 (8%) | <0.001 |
| High frequency ventilation | 1289 (52%) | 983 (53%) | 2272 (52%) | 0.408 |
| Inhaled nitric oxide | 1317 (53%) | 1007 (54%) | 2324 (53%) | 0.357 |
| Neuromuscular blockers | 1648 (66%) | 1197 (64%) | 2845 (65%) | 0.288 |
| PaO2/FiO2 | <0.001 | |||
| >300 mmHg | 59 (2%) | 19 (1%) | 78 (2%) | |
| 201–300 mmHg | 63 (3%) | 27 (1%) | 90 (2%) | |
| 101–200 mmHg | 227 (9%) | 128 (7%) | 355 (8%) | |
| ≤ 100 mmHg | 2146 (86%) | 1683 (91%) | 3829 (88%) | |
| pH | <0.001 | |||
| Median [Q1,Q3] | 7.25 [7.12,7.36] | 7.21 [7.10,7.32] | 7.23 [7.11, 7.34] | |
| < 7.11 | 647 (26%) | 572 (31%) | 1219 (28%) | |
| 7.11–7.34 | 1172 (47%) | 937 (50%) | 2109 (48%0 | |
| >7.34 | 676 (27%) | 348 (19%) | 1024 (24%) | |
| PaO2 (mmHg) | 52.0 [40.0, 68.0] | 50.0 [39.0, 64.0] | 51.0 [39.0, 66.0] | 0.030 |
| PaCO2 (mmHg) | 61.0 [47.0, 83.2] | 63.0 [48.0, 82.0] | 62.0 [47.0, 83.0] | 0.255 |
| Primary Pulmonary Diagnosis | ||||
| ‘Other’ | 1645 (66%) | 1260 (68%) | 2905 (67%) | |
| Asthma | 134 (5%) | 30 (2%) | 164 (4%) | <0.001 |
| Aspiration | 100 (4%) | 37 (2%) | 137 (3%) | <0.001 |
| Respiratory syncytial virus | 329 (13%) | 152 (8%) | 481 (11%) | <0.001 |
| Sepsis induced ARDS | 276 (11%) | 311 (17%) | 587 (13%) | <0.001 |
| Pertussis | 47 (2%) | 93 (5%) | 140 (3%) | <0.001 |
| Comorbid conditions | ||||
| Structural heart disease | 232 (9%) | 193 (10%) | 425 (10%) | 0.235 |
| Chronic lung disease | 85 (3%) | 76 (4%) | 161 (4%) | 0.256 |
| Immunodeficiency | 34 (1%) | 42 (2%) | 76 (2%) | 0.027 |
| Myocarditis | 22 (1%) | 29 (2%) | 51 (1%) | 0.046 |
| Pre-ECMO cardiac arrest | 316 (13%) | 335 (18%) | 651 (15%) | <0.001 |
| Cancer | 60 (2%) | 101 (5%) | 161 (4%0 | <0.001 |
| Acute renal failure | 301 (12%) | 522 (28%) | 823 (19%) | <0.001 |
| Acute liver necrosis | 8 (0%) | 68 (4%) | 76 (2%) | <0.001 |
Statistics presented are n (%) or Median [Q1, Q3]. 6% of ventilation duration, 5% of PaCO2 and PaO2, and 1% of sex is missing in the data; less than 1% of other variables are missing.
P-values are based on Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables and the Wilcoxon rank-sum test for continuous variables. P-values for Fisher’s exact test are approximated by Markov chain Monte Carlo for tables larger than 2 by 2.
a
Veno-arterial was used for any mode using an arterial cannula
b
Restricted to patients without additional pulmonary infections
ARDS = acute respiratory distress syndrome according to Berlin definitions; ECMO = extracorporeal membrane oxygenation