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. 2017 Mar 30;6(4):e004891. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.116.004891

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© 2017 The Authors. Published on behalf of the American Heart Association, Inc., by Wiley Blackwell.

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial‐NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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Mature vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) contribute to neointima (NI) formation in arteriovenous fistula (AVF). Confocal microscopy for membrane green fluorescent protein (mGFP) and immunofluorescence staining for MYH11 (A) and CNN1 (C) in the control unligated vein and proximal AVF region, and Ki67 (E) in the proximal AVF region of Myh11‐Cre/ERT2‐mTmG mice at 4 weeks after AVF surgery. Quantitation of the percentage for each indicated cell category was analyzed using ImageJ and results are shown in B, D, and F, respectively (n=4). Extensive NI formation frequently occurs at the proximal region to the anastomosis site. A large portion of NI cells are GFP+ and with decreased levels of contractile proteins including MYH11 and CNN1. A indicates adventitia; DAPI, 4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole; L, lumen; M, medial smooth muscle layer.