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Serum IL‐34 level can predict poor outcomes in heart failure. Kaplan–Meier curves for the primary end point (A) and the three secondary end points of cardiovascular death (B), HF hospitalization (C), and all‐cause mortality (D) according to the quartiles of serum IL‐34 levels. Differences among groups were evaluated with the log‐rank test. HF indicates heart failure; IL, interleukin.
