Table 2.
Uni‐ and Multivariable Cox Proportional Hazard Models for Serum IL‐34 Level as a Predictor of End Points in HF
| Unadjusted | Adjusted for Model 1 | Adjusted for Model 2 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (CI) | P Value | HR (CI) | P Value | HR (CI) | P Value | |
| Primary end point | ||||||
| IL‐34 per SD | 1.249 (1.119–1.395) | <0.001 | 1.237 (1.104–1.387) | <0.001 | 1.155 (1.023–1.303) | 0.020 |
| Log IL‐34 per SD | 1.442 (1.248–1.667) | <0.001 | 1.401 (1.209–1.622) | <0.001 | 1.301 (1.115–1.518) | 0.001 |
| IL‐34 quartiles | 1.433 (1.221–1.681) | <0.001 | 1.398 (1.189–1.642) | <0.001 | 1.314 (1.104–1.564) | 0.002 |
| 1st quartile | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| 2nd quartile | 1.307 (0.739–2.312) | 0.357 | 1.157 (0.652–2.053) | 0.618 | 1.246 (0.671–2.312) | 0.486 |
| 3rd quartile | 1.795 (1.045–3.083) | 0.034 | 1.663 (0.967–2.861) | 0.066 | 1.785 (0.988–3.226) | 0.055 |
| 4th quartile | 2.868 (1.720–4.783) | <0.001 | 2.554 (1.527–4.273) | <0.001 | 2.205 (1.248–3.896) | 0.006 |
| Cardiovascular death | ||||||
| IL‐34 per SD | 1.332 (1.160–1.507) | <0.001 | 1.306 (1.139–1.498) | <0.001 | 1.278 (1.102–1.481) | 0.001 |
| Log IL‐34 per SD | 1.513 (1.251–1.830) | <0.001 | 1.450 (1.195–1.759) | <0.001 | 1.347 (1.096–1.655) | 0.005 |
| IL‐34 quartiles | 1.394 (1.127–1.725) | 0.002 | 1.342 (1.083–1.664) | 0.007 | 1.167 (0.917–1.486) | 0.210 |
| 1st quartile | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| 2nd quartile | 1.458 (0.677–3.141) | 0.336 | 1.244 (0.575–2.693) | 0.579 | 1.707 (0.712–4.093) | 0.231 |
| 3rd quartile | 1.886 (0.904–3.937) | 0.091 | 1.702 (0.814–3.558) | 0.157 | 2.021 (0.868–4.702) | 0.103 |
| 4th quartile | 2.771 (1.374–5.586) | 0.004 | 2.359 (1.164–4.778) | 0.017 | 1.739 (0.758–3.991) | 0.192 |
| HF hospitalization | ||||||
| IL‐34 per SD | 1.210 (1.045–1.401) | 0.011 | 1.200 (1.033–1.394) | 0.017 | 1.114 (0.927–1.338) | 0.251 |
| Log IL‐34 per SD | 1.408 (1.176–1.686) | <0.001 | 1.383 (1.153–1.658) | <0.001 | 1.234 (1.018–1.494) | 0.032 |
| IL‐34 quartiles | 1.432 (1.179–1.740) | <0.001 | 1.411 (1.160–1.716) | 0.001 | 1.274 (1.036–1.568) | 0.022 |
| 1st quartile | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| 2nd quartile | 1.381 (0.692–2.755) | 0.359 | 1.288 (0.643–2.580) | 0.474 | 1.525 (0.698–3.330) | 0.290 |
| 3rd quartile | 1.778 (0.915–3.455) | 0.090 | 1.702 (0.874–3.313) | 0.118 | 2.048 (0.966–4.339) | 0.061 |
| 4th quartile | 2.934 (1.570–5.484) | 0.001 | 2.744 (1.462–5.148) | 0.002 | 2.566 (1.241–5.305) | 0.011 |
| All‐cause mortality | ||||||
| IL‐34 per SD | 1.307 (1.158–1.475) | <0.001 | 1.291 (1.139–1.465) | <0.001 | 1.239 (1.088–1.410) | 0.001 |
| Log IL‐34 per SD | 1.477 (1.242–1.756) | <0.001 | 1.422 (1.193–1.695) | <0.001 | 1.343 (1.115–1.618) | 0.002 |
| IL‐34 quartiles | 1.351 (1.118–1.634) | 0.002 | 1.307 (1.079–1.582) | 0.006 | 1.166 (0.943–1.443) | 0.157 |
| 1st quartile | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| 2nd quartile | 1.338 (0.685–2.613) | 0.394 | 1.167 (0.595–2.289) | 0.652 | 1.392 (0.658–2.945) | 0.388 |
| 3rd quartile | 1.661 (0.872–3.167) | 0.123 | 1.519 (0.795–2.900) | 0.205 | 1.597 (0.782–3.262) | 0.199 |
| 4th quartile | 2.486 (1.350–4.578) | 0.003 | 2.153 (1.164–3.981) | 0.014 | 1.650 (0.817–3.330) | 0.163 |
IL‐34 levels were analyzed as a continuous variable, a log‐transformed continuous variable, an ordinal variable divided according to quartiles of IL‐34 levels, and a categorical variable using the lowest quartile as a reference. Primary end point indicates a composite end point of cardiovascular death or first‐time HF hospitalization. Model 1: adjusted for age and sex. Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, smoking status, history of DM, history of hypertension, hsCRP, NT‐proBNP, cystatin C, hemoglobin, albumin, and NYHA class. Hazard ratios (HRs) are per 1 SD. DM indicates diabetes mellitus; HF, heart failure; hsCRP, high sensitivity C reactive protein; IL, interleukin; NT‐proBNP, N‐terminal pro‐brain natriuretic peptide; NYHA, New York Heart Association.