Table 2.
Subgroup and Sensitivity Analyses of the Associations Between UA Levels and Stroke in Men and Women
| Men | Women | P Valuec | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | RR (95% CI) | P Valuea | I2 (%) | P Valueb | N | RR (95% CI) | P Valuea | I2 (%) | P Valueb | ||
| Sensitivity analyses | |||||||||||
| Prospective cohort studies | 11 | 1.10 (1.05–1.14) | 0.043 | 46.8 | 9 | 1.11 (1.09–1.13) | 0.598 | 0.0 | 0.686 | ||
| High‐quality studiesd | 8 | 1.12 (1.10–1.15) | 0.753 | 0.0 | 8 | 1.11 (1.09–1.14) | 0.644 | 0.0 | 0.608 | ||
| Subgroup analyses | |||||||||||
| Endpoint | |||||||||||
| Incidence | 6 | 1.11 (1.09–1.14) | 0.085 | 48.3 | 0.347 | 7 | 1.12 (1.09–1.14) | 0.550 | 0.0 | 0.194 | 0.762 |
| Mortality | 5 | 1.08 (1.04–1.13) | 0.083 | 51.5 | 3 | 1.08 (1.02–1.13) | 0.721 | 0.0 | 0.813 | ||
| Geographical area | |||||||||||
| Asia | 6 | 1.04 (1.00–1.09) | 0.201 | 31.3 | 0.009 | 4 | 1.08 (1.01–1.17) | 0.391 | 0.2 | 0.650 | 0.354 |
| Europe | 4 | 1.12 (1.10–1.15) | 0.561 | 0.0 | 4 | 1.11 (1.09–1.14) | 0.404 | 0.0 | 0.582 | ||
| American | 1 | 1.18 (0.95–1.47) | ··· | ··· | 2 | 1.07 (0.94–1.22) | 0.476 | 0.0 | 0.447 | ||
| Sample size | |||||||||||
| >10 000 | 5 | 1.10 (1.08–1.13) | 0.137 | 42.7 | 0.518 | 4 | 1.11 (1.09–1.13) | 0.287 | 20.5 | 0.942 | 0.648 |
| ≤10 000 | 6 | 1.13 (1.06–1.21) | 0.044 | 56.2 | 6 | 1.11 (1.03–1.20) | 0.620 | 0.0 | 0.792 | ||
| Follow‐up, y | |||||||||||
| >12 | 6 | 1.12 (1.07–1.17) | 0.042 | 56.5 | 0.601 | 5 | 1.07 (1.02–1.12) | 0.939 | 0.0 | 0.103 | 0.211 |
| ≤12 | 5 | 1.10 (1.08–1.13) | 0.134 | 43.1 | 5 | 1.12 (1.10–1.14) | 0.427 | 0.0 | 0.353 | ||
| Adjusted body mass index | |||||||||||
| Yes | 8 | 1.08 (1.05–1.12) | 0.024 | 56.7 | 0.151 | 8 | 1.08 (1.03–1.12) | 0.820 | 0.0 | 0.075 | 0.793 |
| No | 3 | 1.12 (1.09–1.15) | 0.743 | 0.0 | 2 | 1.12 (1.10–1.15) | 0.480 | 0.0 | 0.862 | ||
| Adjusted smoking status | |||||||||||
| Yes | 9 | 1.08 (1.05–1.12) | 0.040 | 50.6 | 0.108 | 8 | 1.08 (1.03–1.12) | 0.820 | 0.0 | 0.075 | 0.818 |
| No | 2 | 1.12 (1.09–1.15) | 0.866 | 0.0 | 2 | 1.12 (1.10–1.15) | 0.480 | 0.0 | 0.966 | ||
| Adjusted hypertension or blood pressure | |||||||||||
| Yes | 10 | 1.11 (1.08–1.13) | 0.028 | 51.9 | 0.764 | 9 | 1.11 (1.09–1.13) | 0.577 | 0.0 | 0.413 | 0.770 |
| No | 1 | 1.14 (0.93–1.40) | ··· | ··· | 1 | 1.19 (1.01–1.41) | ··· | ··· | 0.750 | ||
| Adjusted diabetes mellitus or blood glucose | |||||||||||
| Yes | 8 | 1.10 (1.08–1.13) | 0.029 | 55.1 | 0.253 | 7 | 1.11 (1.09–1.13) | 0.370 | 7.6 | 0.734 | 0.602 |
| No | 3 | 1.15 (1.07–1.23) | 0.389 | 0.0 | 3 | 1.13 (1.04–1.22) | 0.709 | 0.0 | 0.722 | ||
| Adjusted hyperlipidemia or lipids | |||||||||||
| Yes | 10 | 1.11 (1.08–1.13) | 0.028 | 51.9 | 0.764 | 9 | 1.11 (1.09–1.13) | 0.577 | 0.0 | 0.413 | 0.770 |
| No | 1 | 1.14 (0.93–1.40) | ··· | ··· | 1 | 1.19 (1.01–1.41) | ··· | ··· | 0.750 | ||
| Adjusted renal factors | |||||||||||
| Yes | 4 | 1.08 (1.03–1.14) | 0.025 | 67.9 | 0.390 | 5 | 1.06 (1.00–1.13) | 0.921 | 0.0 | 0.149 | 0.616 |
| No | 7 | 1.11 (1.09–1.14) | 0.189 | 31.3 | 5 | 1.12 (1.09–1.14) | 0.368 | 0.0 | 0.743 | ||
RR indicates relative risk; UA, uric acid.
a
P value for heterogeneity.
b
P value for effect modification by study characteristics.
c
P value for effect modification by sex.
d
Studies with a Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale (NOS) score ≥7 were considered to be high‐quality studies.