Table 1.
Anthropometric and Demographic Characteristics of the Study Population (n=434)
| All Participantsa (n=434) | Protein Intakeb | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quintile 1 (n=86) | Quintile 5 (n=87) | P Valuec | ||
| Mothers anthropometric and demographic characteristics | ||||
| Age, y | 29±4 | 30±4 | 29±4 | 0.16 |
| Prepregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 21±3 | 21±3 | 22±3 | 0.38 |
| Height, cm | 168±6 | 167±7 | 168±6 | 0.41 |
| Gestational age, day | 282±11 | 284±12 | 281±10 | 0.14 |
| Gestational weight gain, kg | 14±5 | 11±4 | 15±5 | 0.05 |
| Nulliparous, % | 60 | 51 | 64 | 0.02 |
| Smoking during pregnancy, % | 37 | 39 | 48 | 0.35 |
| University education, % | 56 | 51 | 51 | 0.99 |
| Mothers dietary characteristics | ||||
| Total energy intake, MJ/day | 8.7±2.3 | 8.8±3.1 | 8.6±2.0 | 0.54 |
| Protein, g/kgb | 1.3±0.3 | 1.1±0.2 | 1.6±0.3 | <0.01 |
| Protein, g/dayb | 79±11 | 63±6 | 94±6 | <0.01 |
| Dairy protein, g/dayb | 34±12 | 20±8 | 48±10 | <0.01 |
| Nondairy animal protein, g/dayb , d | 19±8 | 14±6 | 23±8 | <0.01 |
| Plant protein, g/dayb , e | 26±5 | 28±5 | 24±4 | <0.01 |
| Carbohydrate, g/dayb | 269±27 | 278±31 | 260±25 | <0.01 |
| Sugar, g/dayb | 37±22 | 45±29 | 26±12 | <0.01 |
| Fiber, g/dayb | 24±5 | 25±7 | 23±4 | 0.01 |
| SFA, g/dayb | 31±7 | 32±8 | 29±7 | 0.03 |
| MUFA, g/dayb | 19±4 | 20±4 | 19±3 | 0.05 |
| PUFA, g/dayb | 9±2 | 9±3 | 8±2 | <0.01 |
| Offspring characteristics | ||||
| Male, % | 40 | 38 | 38 | 0.67 |
| Birth weight, g | 3.5±5.1 | 3.4±5.8 | 3.5±4.7 | 0.70 |
| Birth length, cm | 51.9±2.3 | 51.7±2.3 | 51.9±1.8 | 0.44 |
| Height, cm | 174±9 | 173±9 | 174±10 | 0.49 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 22±3 | 22±3 | 23±3 | 0.06 |
| BMI ≥25, % | 18 | 11 | 28 | <0.01 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 111±11 | 109±12 | 111±11 | 0.17 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 66±7 | 65±7 | 67±7 | 0.06 |
| Current smoker, % | 18 | 19 | 17 | 0.69 |
| Physical activity (≥12 times per month), % | 46 | 42 | 51 | 0.11 |
| Alcohol consumption (≥7 times per month), % | 16 | 27 | 8 | <0.01 |
| Fruit intake (≥6 times per week), % | 48 | 48 | 51 | 0.70 |
| Vegetable intake (≥6 times per week), % | 54 | 49 | 53 | 0.64 |
| Fish intake (≥5 times per month), % | 13 | 12 | 21 | 0.13 |
BMI indicates body mass index; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids; SFA, saturated fatty acids.
a
Values are mean±SD for continuous variables and percentages for categorical variables.
b
Energy‐adjusted by the residual model.
c
P values were evaluated by using the F test (type III) for continuous variables and the chi‐square test for categorical variables.
d
Animal protein included protein from milk or milk products, cheese, ice cream, meat, fish, and eggs and related products.
e
Plant protein included protein from cereals, vegetables, fruits, and related products.