Fig. 4.

—Summary of the lineage-specific gene losses (excluding hypothetical genes) between obligate symbionts from the treehopper Entylia carinata (Sulcia- and Nasuia-ENCA) and leafhopper Macrosteles spp. (Sulcia- and Nauia-ALF & PUNC). The hypothetical establishment date of obligate symbionts in the common ancestor of the Auchenorrhyncha and the hypothetical diversification date of leafhoppers and treehoppers are based on previous studies (Shcherbakov 2002; Moran et al. 2005; Cryan and Svenson 2010; Koga et al. 2013). Evolutionary events of Sulcia and Nasuia are colored in red and green, respectively. Pseudogenes are shaded in gray.