Table 1.
The effect of animal species on the extraction of metals from bone.
| Cooking time (h) |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metal | Broth | (A) 0.5 | (B) 2 | (C) 4 | (D) 8 | (E) 12 | p-valuea | Tukey-testa |
| Pb (μg/kg) | (1) Pig (white) | 7.90 ± 6.54 | 5.27 ± 4.28 | 9.01 ± 7.09 | 7.57 ± 4.49 | 6.14 ± 3.92 | 0.919 | – |
| (2) Pig (black) | 6.55 ± 1.42 | 4.07 ± 1.50 | 5.34 ± 2.97 | 3.86 ± 1.37 | 4.33 ± 0.73 | 0.369 | – | |
| (3) Bovine | 5.64 ± 4.78 | 4.42 ± 2.73 | 3.26 ± 1.59 | 2.98 ± 1.22 | 2.53 ± 0.83 | 0.621 | – | |
| p-valueb | 0.847 | 0.888 | 0.355 | 0.185 | 0.249 | – | – | |
| Cr (μg/kg) | (1) Pig (white) | 2.83 ± 0.87 | 2.52 ± 1.07 | 2.95 ± 1.32 | 3.90 ± 1.02 | 4.56 ± 0.38 | 0.139 | – |
| (2) Pig (black) | 3.36 ± 2.55 | 3.20 ± 2.11 | 2.98 ± 1.77 | 2.80 ± 1.20 | 3.82 ± 1.44 | 0.967 | – | |
| (3) Bovine | 3.81 ± 1.44 | 3.74 ± 2.53 | 3.89 ± 1.46 | 4.50 ± 1.82 | 5.55 ± 2.48 | 0.781 | – | |
| p-value | 0.799 | 0.764 | 0.707 | 0.375 | 0.487 | – | – | |
| Cu (μg/kg) | (1) Pig (white) | 12.1 ± 3.87 | 9.39 ± 1.98 | 7.67 ± 1.48 | 9.66 ± 0.95 | 9.15 ± 0.52 | 0.222 | – |
| (2) Pig (black) | 11.4 ± 1.73 | 11.0 ± 3.48 | 12.5 ± 2.78 | 11.7 ± 2.81 | 9.03 ± 0.38 | 0.146 | – | |
| (3) Bovine | 15.4 ± 8.66 | 16.2 ± 11.1 | 13.6 ± 5.05 | 14.4 ± 3.51 | 12.8 ± 1.65 | 0.973 | – | |
| p-value | 0.466 | 0.492 | 0.158 | 0.172 | 0.007 | – | – | |
| Paired-compb | – | – | – | – | 3 > 1,2 | – | – | |
| Fe (μg/kg) | (1) Pig (white) | 255 ± 37.4 | 154 ± 31.2 | 123 ± 53.1 | 121 ± 40.2 | 130 ± 19.4 | 0.007 | A > C,D,E |
| (2) Pig (black) | 179 ± 52.0 | 144 ± 5.43 | 93.6 ± 11.8 | 99.4 ± 10.3 | 125 ± 10.5 | 0.011 | A > C,D | |
| (3) Bovine | 197 ± 95.9 | 173 ± 59.5 | 169 ± 130 | 187 ± 33.2 | 214 ± 43.4 | 0.956 | – | |
| p-value | 0.402 | 0.662 | 0.556 | 0.030 | 0.014 | – | – | |
| Paired-comp | – | – | – | 3 > 2 | 3 > 1,2 | – | – | |
| Zn (μg/kg) | (1) Pig (white) | 118 ± 34.0 | 79.5 ± 51.0 | 68.5 ± 39.7 | 102 ± 77.3 | 58.1 ± 33.6 | 0.600 | – |
| (2) Pig (black) | 130 ± 50.6 | 91.2 ± 23.1 | 99.9 ± 35.4 | 102 ± 64.9 | 70.0 ± 31.8 | 0.590 | – | |
| (3) Bovine | 132 ± 27.3 | 122 ± 56.8 | 83.1 ± 50.7 | 90.3 ± 38.3 | 62.1 ± 16.0 | 0.278 | – | |
| p-value | 0.890 | 0.541 | 0.680 | 0.966 | 0.874 | – | – | |
| Al (μg/kg) | (1) Pig (white) | 308 ± 36.6 | 278 ± 55.8 | 193 ± 77.5 | 165 ± 94.0 | 205 ± 74.5 | 0.141 | – |
| (2) Pig (black) | 735 ± 52.3 | 719 ± 41.5 | 718 ± 42.0 | 435 ± 41.0 | 381 ± 42.0 | 0.000 | A,B,C > D,E | |
| (3) Bovine | 607 ± 476 | 626 ± 474 | 639 ± 568 | 327 ± 156 | 304 ± 250 | 0.737 | – | |
| p-value | 0.232 | 0.202 | 0.193 | 0.057 | 0.421 | – | – | |
| Mg (mg/kg) | (1) Pig (white) | 8.23 ± 1.40 | 21.5 ± 2.07 | 36.6 ± 4.38 | 75.7 ± 5.45 | 120 ± 16.3 | 0.000 | A < C,D,E; B,C < D,E |
| (2) Pig (black) | 20.0 ± 10.8 | 31.7 ± 10.4 | 40.4 ± 2.43 | 61.7 ± 27.1 | 115 ± 17.9 | 0.000 | A,B,C,D < E | |
| (3) Bovine | 8.12 ± 4.64 | 13.8 ± 3.41 | 23.3 ± 3.47 | 53.3 ± 15.7 | 92.7 ± 10.8 | 0.000 | A,B,C < D,E; D < E | |
| p-value | 0.125 | 0.039 | 0.002 | 0.379 | 0.151 | – | – | |
| Paired-comp | – | 2 > 3 | 1, 2 > 3 | – | – | – | – | |
| Ca (mg/kg) | (1) Pig (white) | 201 ± 8.09 | 241 ± 11.8 | 252 ± 5.51 | 281 ± 22.5 | 361 ± 30.6 | 0.000 | A,B,C,D < E; A < D |
| (2) Pig (black) | 240 ± 53.57 | 252 ± 19.05 | 226 ± 50.7 | 276 ± 67.8 | 439 ± 48.0 | 0.002 | A,B,C,D < E | |
| (3) Bovine | 235 ± 106 | 274 ± 48.3 | 343 ± 75.1 | 371 ± 75.4 | 444 ± 59.3 | 0.047 | A < E | |
| p-value | 0.762 | 0.448 | 0.075 | 0.173 | 0.134 | – | – | |
a Differences among five (A – E) time groups, tested using ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey HSD multiple comparisons; α level is 0.05.
b Differences among three [(1)–(3)] animal groups, tested using ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey HSD multiple comparisons.