Table 3.
Risks or benefits from ingestion of the metals in the three commercially available bone broths.
| Metal | Brotha | Ingestion dose (μg/serving) |
Hazard quotient or contribution ratiod | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | Extreme caseb | Reference dosec (adult) | |||
| Pb | PR | 1.5 | 2.7 | 250 μg/day | 0.006(0.011) |
| BN | 1.6 | 5.2 | 0.006(0.021) | ||
| TR | 2.1 | 3.1 | 0.008(0.012) | ||
| Cd | PR | 0.1 | 0.6 | 70 μg/day | 0.001(0.009) |
| BN | 0.3 | 0.8 | 0.004(0.011) | ||
| TR | 0.2 | 1.0 | 0.003(0.014) | ||
| Cr | PR | 2.6 | 5.6 | 35μg/day | 0.074(0.160) |
| BN | 3.4 | 8.0 | 0.097(0.229) | ||
| TR | 3.0 | 7.4 | 0.086(0.211) | ||
| Cu | PR | 15.5 | 19.4 | 900 μg/day | 0.017(0.022) |
| BN | 15.9 | 23.5 | 0.018(0.026) | ||
| TR | 23.7 | 41.2 | 0.034(0.046) | ||
| Fe | PR | 333 | 518 | 8 mg/day | 0.026(0.065) |
| BN | 515 | 1288 | 0.064(0.161) | ||
| TR | 262 | 502 | 0.033(0.063) | ||
| Zn | PR | 88.8 | 173 | 11 mg/day | 0.008(0.016) |
| BN | 154 | 377 | 0.014(0.034) | ||
| TR | 112 | 194 | 0.010(0.018) | ||
| Al | PR | 272 | 530 | 70 mg/day | 0.004(0.008) |
| BN | 334 | 566 | 0.005(0.008) | ||
| TR | 379 | 1804 | 0.005(0.026) | ||
| Mg | PR | 13,598 | 21,726 | 400 mg/day | 0.034(0.054) |
| BN | 17,447 | 24,698 | 0.044(0.062) | ||
| TR | 17,010 | 29,578 | 0.043(0.074) | ||
| Ca | PR | 14,486 | 21,918 | 1000 mg/day | 0.014(0.022) |
| BN | 21,515 | 37,574 | 0.022(0.038) | ||
| TR | 38,831 | 63,381 | 0.039(0.063) | ||
aPR: pork rib chops stewed in Chinese medicinal herb broth; BN: Chinese-style noodle with stewed beef in bovine bone broth; TR: tonkotsu ramen (Japanese-style noodle in pork bone broth. Broth only.
bEstimated based on maximum broth weight times maximum metal concentrations from Table 2, assuming broth density of 1.
cReference dose = DRIs for essential elements Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, Cr and Fe; the WHO PTWI for Pb and ATSDR MRLs for Al and Cd.
dHazard quotient or contribution ratio = ingested dose/reference dose; Mean (extreme case).