Table 2.
Cytokines and chemokines produced by neutrophils that contribute to experimental and human GN
| Cytokine/Chemokine | Animal Model of GN | Human GN |
|---|---|---|
| CC chemokines | ||
| CCL2 (MCP1)126 | LN154 | AAV,155 Crescentic GN,156 LN157 |
| CCL3(MIP1α)126 | LN158 | Crescentic GN,156 SLE159 |
| CCL4(MIP1β)126 | Crescentic GN156 | |
| CCL18126,160 | AAV161 | |
| CCL20126 | Anti-GBM,162 IgAN163 | |
| CXC chemokines | ||
| CXCL1126 | AAV164 | IgAN,165 LN166 |
| CXCL5126 | Anti-GBM167 | AAV167 |
| CXCL8 (IL-8)126 | Immune Complex GN168 | AAV164,169 |
| CXCL9126 | Anti-GBM162 | |
| CXCL10126 | LN157 | |
| CXCL 12126 | LN154 | |
| CXCL 13126 | LN170 | AAV,171 LN170,172 |
| Colony-stimulating factors | ||
| G-CSF125 | AAV173 | AAV174 |
| GM-CSF125 | AAV173 | |
| Proinflammatory cytokines | ||
| IL-1α125,175 | AAV,176 IgAN,177 MPGN,178 LN178 | |
| IL-1β125,175,179 | AAV,66,180 LN181 | AAV,182,183 IgAN,177 LN,178,184 MPGN178 |
| IL-6125,185,186 | Anti-GBM,187 LN188–190 | AAV,183 IgAN,191 LN,178 MPGN178 |
| IL-17125,192,193 | AAV,194 Anti-GBM,195,196 LN195 | LN197 |
| IL-18125,198,199 | LN200 | AAV,201 LN,197,202,203 |
| MIF125 | LN204 | Crescentic GN,205 FSGS,205 LN,205 MPGN205 |
| Anti-inflammatory cytokines | ||
| IL-1ra125,206 | Anti-GBM207 | IgAN,177 LN208 |
| IL-10a125,209–212 | LN/SLE202,213 | |
| IL-4125,214 | Anti-GBM215 | MN216 |
| TGFβ1125,217 | Anti-GBM218 | IgAN219 |
| Immunoregulatory cytokines | ||
| IL-12125,209,220,221 | LN222,223 | LN/SLE197,202,224 |
| IL-21125 | LN225 | |
| IL-27125,226 | Anti-GBM227 | |
| IFN-α125,228,229 | LN230,231 | FSGS,232LN/SLE229,233–236 |
| IFN-β125 | FSGS,232,237 MPGN238 | |
| IFN-γ125,229,239 | LN222,240–242 | AAV,216 FSGS,232 MPGN,216 LN/SLE229,243 |
| TNF superfamily members | ||
| TNF-α244,245 | Anti-GBM180 | AAV,176,182 IgAN,191 LN/SLE,178,246 MPGN178 |
| APRIL247,248 | LN/SLE249 | |
| BAFF247,250 | LN251,252 | LN/SLE249,253 |
| FasL126 | Anti-GBM254 | LN255 |
| TRAIL126 | LN256 |
Neutrophils are capable of expressing and producing a number of cytokines, although in smaller quantities than other immune cells. Several cytokines/chemokines have been implicated in experimental and human GN. However, the contribution from neutrophils is not well described and requires further inquiry. IgAN, IgA nephropathy; MPGN, membranoproliferative GN; MN, membranous nephropathy.
a
Evidence for and against production by neutrophils.