FIG. 2.

(a) Exemplary three-dimensional simulation of two cells aligned with respect to the flow direction: both the stress component with respect to the z-direction ${\sigma }_z$ and the velocity magnitude of the central x-z-cross-sectional plane are depicted. The inlet provides the stress component ${\sigma }_z$ in the x-y-cross-sectional plane 1 nm above the substrate. (b) The graph shows the stress component ${\sigma }_z$ plotted versus the angle along the circumference of the cells in the x-y-plane from the inlet in Fig. 2(a).