Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants by their willingness to pay for opioid agonist treatment, stratified by experience (N=855)
| Willing to pay for OAT | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||||
| Currently on OAT (N=434) | Previously on OAT (N=108) | Never on OAT (N=313) | |||||||
|
| |||||||||
| Yes N=211 |
No N=223 |
P-value | Yes N=55 |
No N=53 |
P-value | Yes N=112 |
No N=201 |
P-value | |
|
| |||||||||
| Sex (Male) | 167 (79.2) | 173 (77.6) | 0.6918 | 40 (72.7) | 39 (73.6) | 0.9199 | 98 (87.5) | 151 (75.1) | 0.0088 |
|
| |||||||||
| Age – median (IQR) | 37 (32–43) | 36 (32–43) | 0.2023 | 36 (31–43) | 38 (31–46) | 0.9094 | 32 (27–38) | 35 (30–40) | 0.0177 |
|
| |||||||||
| City | 0.0088 | 0.1579 | 0.2772 | ||||||
| Kyiv | 61 (28.9) | 79 (35.4) | 19 (34.6) | 16 (30.2) | 39 (34.8) | 68 (33.8) | |||
| Odesa | 25 (11.8) | 22 (9.9) | 6 (10.9) | 4 (7.6) | 10 (8.9) | 26 (12.9) | |||
| Mykolaiv | 41 (19.4) | 64 (28.7) | 11 (20.0) | 21 (39.6) | 5 (4.6) | 19 (9.5) | |||
| Dnipro | 57 (27.0) | 45 (20.2) | 12 (21.8) | 10 (18.8) | 20 (17.9) | 37 (18.4) | |||
| Lviv | 27 (12.8) | 13 (5.8) | 7 (12.7) | 2 (3.8) | 38 (33.9) | 51 (25.4) | |||
|
| |||||||||
| Employment | 0.0275 | 0.4169 | 0.1556 | ||||||
| Full time/Part time | 113 (53.5) | 91 (40.8) | 30 (54.6) | 23 (43.4) | 54 (48.2) | 75 (37.3) | |||
| Temporary/Seasonal/Day laborer | 31 (14.7) | 39 (17.5) | 8 (14.5) | 7 (13.2) | 18 (16.1) | 35 (17.4) | |||
| Not employed | 67 (31.8) | 93 (41.7) | 17 (30.9) | 23 (43.4) | 40 (35.7) | 91 (45.3) | |||
|
| |||||||||
| Monthly Income (>1200 UAH) | 140 (66.4) | 122 (54.7) | 0.0132 | 38 (69.1) | 37 (69.8) | 1.0000 | 85 (75.9) | 123 (61.2) | 0.0083 |
|
| |||||||||
| Injection drug use duration (>5 years) | 208 (98.6) | 220 (98.7) | 1.0000 | 54 (98.2) | 53 (100.0) | 1.0000 | 98 (87.5) | 172 (85.6) | 0.7329 |
|
| |||||||||
| Injected drugs in the last 30 days | 45 (21.3) | 55 (24.7) | 0.4093 | 46 (83.6) | 46 (86.8) | 0.7880 | 108 (96.4) | 196 (97.5) | 0.7264 |
|
| |||||||||
| Frequent drug injecting (>20 days in the last 30 days) | 8 (3.8) | 15 (6.7) | 0.2018 | 19 (34.6) | 18 (34.0) | 0.9491 | 76 (67.9) | 131 (65.2) | 0.6307 |
|
| |||||||||
| Alcohol use disorder | 48 (22.8) | 67 (30.0) | 0.0852 | 22 (40.0) | 15 (28.3) | 0.2280 | 58 (51.8) | 106 (52.7) | 0.8718 |
|
| |||||||||
| Moderate to severe depression | 86 (40.8) | 110 (49.3) | 0.0730 | 37 (67.3) | 34 (64.2) | 0.8398 | 69 (61.6) | 131 (65.2) | 0.5288 |
|
| |||||||||
| Positive attitude towards OAT – median (IQR) | 9 (8–10) | 9 (7–10) | 0.0370 | 9 (7–10) | 7 (4–9) | 0.0002 | 8 (6–9) | 7 (4–9) | 0.4111 |
|
| |||||||||
| Negative attitude towards OAT – median (IQR) | 2 (1–4) | 3 (2–5) | 0.0008 | 3 (2–5) | 3 (2–5) | 0.7248 | 4 (2–5) | 3 (2–5) | 0.1250 |
|
| |||||||||
| Family/friends support participation in OAT | 145 (68.7) | 132 (59.2) | 0.0390 | 34 (61.8) | 20 (37.7) | 0.0205 | 46 (41.1) | 84 (41.8) | 0.9014 |
|
| |||||||||
| HIV status (self-reported) | 0.9592 | 0.3495 | 0.0498 | ||||||
| Positive | 96 (45.5) | 98 (43.9) | 27 (49.1) | 19 (35.9) | 20 (17.9) | 61 (30.4) | |||
| Negative | 105 (49.8) | 114 (51.2) | 24 (43.6) | 27 (50.9) | 51 (45.5) | 75 (37.3) | |||
| Unknown | 10 (4.7) | 11 (4.9) | 4 (7.3) | 7 (13.2) | 41 (36.6) | 65 (32.3) | |||
|
| |||||||||
| Registration at Narcology service | – | – | – | – | – | – | 41 (36.6) | 74 (36.8) | 0.9707 |
|
| |||||||||
| Tried to enter OAT but failed | – | – | – | – | – | – | 19 (17.0) | 18 (9.0) | 0.0443 |
|
| |||||||||
| OAT type (Methadone) | 165 (78.2) | 179 (80.3) | 0.5950 | 35 (63.6) | 39 (73.6) | 0.3043 | – | – | – |
|
| |||||||||
| Duration on OAT (months) – median (IQR) | 33.5 (13.1–61.3) | 37.4 (19.8–62.1) | 0.2496 | 4.0 (0.1–7.0) | 3.0 (0.1–8.1) | 0.9826 | – | – | – |
|
| |||||||||
| Received psychological counseling on OAT site | 148 (70.1) | 130 (58.3) | 0.0102 | 23 (41.8) | 28 (52.8) | 0.3352 | – | – | – |
|
| |||||||||
| Received medical services on OAT site | 96 (45.3) | 75 (33.6) | 0.0115 | 12 (21.8) | 11 (20.7) | 0.8926 | – | – | – |
|
| |||||||||
| Satisfied with dosage | 177 (83.9) | 187 (83.9) | 0.9933 | 48 (87.3) | 47 (88.7) | 0.8223 | – | – | – |
|
| |||||||||
| Experienced short interruptions in treatment | 42 (19.9) | 46 (20.6) | 0.8516 | 19 (34.6) | 10 (18.9) | 0.0661 | – | – | – |
|
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| Legend: OAT : opioid agonist treatment. | |||||||||
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| Currency exchange: US$1 = 8UAH | |||||||||