Table 3.
Unadjusted and adjusted linear associations between newborn MRI scales and neurodevelopmental outcomes at age 7 years.
| Predictor | IQ (n=186) | Word Reading (n=182) | Spelling (n=182) | Math Computation (n=182) | Motor (n=182) | Behavior (n=170) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Est (95% CI) | p | Est (95% CI) | P | Est (95% CI) | p | Est (95% CI) | p | Est (95% CI) | p | Est (95% CI) | p | |
| Global score | ||||||||||||
| Unadjusted | −1.6 (−2.3, −0.9) | <.001 | −1.1 (−2.1, −0.1) | .026 | −1.4 (−2.4, −0.5) | .003 | −1.8 (−2.6, −1.0) | <.001 | −0.4 (−0.6, −0.3) | <.001 | 0.3 (−0.0, 0.6) | .096 |
| Adjusteda | −1.4 (−2.1, −0.7) | <.001 | −0.8 (−1.8, 0.3) | .162 | −1.1 (−2.1, −0.1) | .029 | −1.6 (−2.4, −0.8) | <.001 | −0.4 (−0.5, −0.2) | <.001 | 0.2 (−0.1, 0.5) | .281 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| White matter | ||||||||||||
| Unadjusted | −1.9 (−3.3, −0.5) | .007 | −1.6 (−3.4, 0.1) | .072 | −1.9 (−3.6, 0.17) | .031 | −2.2 (−3.6, −0.8) | .002 | −0.5 (−0.8, −0.3) | <.001 | 0.3 (−0.1, 0.8) | .175 |
| Adjusteda | −1.7 (−3.1, −0.4) | .013 | −1.4 (−3.1, 0.4) | .119 | −1.5 (−3.2, 0.2) | .080 | −2.0 (−3.4, −0.6) | .006 | −0.5 (−0.7, −0.2) | .001 | 0.2 (−0.2, 0.7) | .262 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Cortical gray matter | ||||||||||||
| Unadjusted | −0.91 (−2.8, 1.0) | .347 | −0.02 (−2.2, 2.2) | .980 | −0.30 (−3.0, 2.4) | .825 | −0.5 (−3.1, 2.1) | .698 | −0.5 (−0.9, −0.04) | .034 | 0.1 (−0.6, 0.9) | .716 |
| Adjusteda | −0.0 (−2.0, 2.0) | .976 | −0.0 (−2.1, 2.1) | .986 | 0.1 (−2.3, 2.5) | .962 | 0.1 (−2.6, 2.8) | .959 | −0.2 (−0.6, 0.3) | .409 | 0.0 (−0.7, 0.8) | .916 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Deep gray matter | ||||||||||||
| Unadjusted | −5.4 (−7.7, −3.1) | <.001 | −4.7 (−7.9, −1.4) | .005 | −5.5 (−8.8, −2.3) | .001 | −5.7 (−8.3, −3.0) | <.001 | −1.2 (−1.7, −0.6) | <.001 | 0.7 (−0.3, 1.7) | .178 |
| Adjusteda | −4.8 (−7.1, −2.5) | <.001 | −3.6 (−7.2, −0.1) | .045 | −5.2 (−8.7, −1.7) | .003 | −5.5 (−8.3, −2.8) | <.001 | −1.0 (−1.5, −0.4) | <.001 | 0.2 (−0.7, 1.1) | .676 |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Cerebellar | ||||||||||||
| Unadjusted | −3.6 (−5.7, −1.5) | .001 | −1.0 (−3.8, 1.8) | .503 | −2.3 (−5.0, 0.3) | .087 | −3.3 (−6.1, −0.6) | .018 | −1.0 (−1.5, −0.4) | .001 | 0.9 (−0.1, 1.8) | .088 |
| Adjusteda | −1.7 (−4.1, 0.6) | .142 | 2.3 (−0.8, 5.4) | .147 | 0.6 (−2.3, 3.4) | .698 | −0.6 (−3.5, 2.2) | .661 | −0.7 (−1.2, −0.1) | .023 | 0.5 (−0.4, 1.5) | .287 |
Est = estimate of regression coefficient (unit change in outcome variable per unit change in MR score) from separate linear regression models fitted using generalized estimating equations to allow for clustering of twins. CI = confidence interval;
a
Adjusted for antenatal corticosteroids, multiple birth, sex, gestational age, birth weight Z-score, grade 3–4 intraventricular hemorrhage, cystic periventricular leukomalacia, bronchopulmonary dysplasia postnatal corticosteroids, infection, surgery, and higher social risk.