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. 2017 Jul 28;7:6764. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-07119-6

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Schematic representation of the dual lactate-glucose biosensor developed from ceramic-based multisite microelectrode arrays (MEA) (125 µm thick) containing 4 platinum recording sites in line (R1, 50 × 150 µm², spacing 50 µm). Sites 1 and 3 sites (active sites) were coated with a cocktail solution containing Lactate Oxidase (LOx) or Glucose Oxidase (GOx), BSA and glutaraldehyde (GA). Sites 2 and 4 (sentinel sites) were coated with the inactive protein matrix. The sites were further modified with an exclusion layer of meta-phenylenediamine (m-PD), to improve selectivity, and a diffusional barrier of polyurethane (PU), to extend the linear range for the substrate detection.