Table 2.
Change in walking speed over time, in the total sample, and by tooth loss status
| Change in walking speed (m/s) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted for demographic factors | Adjusted for demographic and lifestyle-related factors, and chronic diseases | Adjusted for demographic and lifestyle-related factors, chronic diseases, and CRPa | |
| β-Coefficient (95 % CI) | β-Coefficient (95 % CI) | β-Coefficient (95 % CI) | |
| Total sample | |||
| Intercept (baseline speed) | 1.04 (1.00–1.08) | 1.11 (1.06–1.16) | 1.12 (0.99–1.25) |
| Average change over 3 yearsb | −0.06 (−0.08 to −0.04) | −0.06 (−0.08 to −0.04) | −0.10 (−0.13 to −0.08) |
| Average change over 6 years | −0.15 (−0.16 to −0.13) | −0.15 (−0.16 to −0.14) | −0.27 (−0.29 to −0.24) |
| By tooth loss status | |||
| p value for interaction between time and tooth loss | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.603 |
| Among people with no tooth loss at baseline (n = 2102) | |||
| Intercept (baseline speed) | 1.07 (1.02–1.12) | 1.12 (1.06–1.17) | 1.14 (1.00–1.28) |
| Average change over 3 yearsb | −0.05 (−0.08 to −0.03) | −0.05 (−0.08 to −0.03) | −0.10 (−0.13 to −0.06) |
| Average change over 6 years | −0.14 (−0.15 to −0.12) | −0.14 (−0.15 to −0.12) | −0.27 (−0.30 to −0.24) |
| Among people with partial tooth loss at baseline (n = 389) | |||
| Intercept (baseline speed) | 1.03 (0.97–1.08) | 1.10 (1.05–1.16) | 1.11 (0.96–1.25) |
| Average change over 3 yearsb | −0.06 (−0.11 to −0.02) | −0.07 (−0.11 to −0.02) | −0.10 (−0.16 to −0.05) |
| Average change over 6 years | −0.18 (−0.22 to −0.14) | −0.20 (−0.24 to −0.15) | −0.25 (−0.31 to −0.20) |
| Among people with complete tooth loss at baseline (n = 204) | |||
| Intercept (baseline speed) | 0.97 (0.91–1.03) | 1.08 (1.01–1.15) | 1.12 (0.96–1.29) |
| Average change over 3 yearsb | −0.13 (−0.19 to −0.07) | −0.11 (−0.18 to −0.05) | −0.12 (−0.21 to −0.03) |
| Average change over 6 years | −0.25 (−0.32 to −0.18) | −0.26 (−0.33 to −0.19) | −0.34 (−0.43 to −0.24) |
Demographic factors included age, sex, and education
Lifestyle-related factors included body mass index, smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical exercise
Chronic diseases included cardiovascular disease, stroke, hypertension, diabetes, musculoskeletal disease, dementia, and cancer
CI confidence interval, CRP C-reactive protein
aAdjusted for CRP at baseline and follow-ups
bIncludes only participants aged ≥78 years at baseline