Table 5.
Elixhauser comorbidity groups, pharmacy-based metrics and other (disease-specific) variables before and after entropy balancing with balance statistics
| TM (in %) | Control (in %) | p valuea | D-statisticb | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre | Post | Pre | Post | Pre | Post | ||
| Elixhauser comorbidity groups | |||||||
| (1) Congestive heart failure | 31.49 | 36.17 | 31.49 | <0.05 | 1 | 0.10 | 0.00 |
| (2) Cardiac arrhythmias | 19.97 | 25.43 | 19.97 | <0.01 | 1 | 0.13 | 0.00 |
| (3) Valvular disease | 9.83 | 11.18 | 9.83 | 0.3272 | 1 | 0.04 | 0.00 |
| (4) Pulmonary circulation disorders | 9.22 | 10.00 | 9.22 | 0.5837 | 1 | 0.03 | 0.00 |
| (5) Peripheral vascular disorders | 22.43 | 21.58 | 22.43 | 0.6191 | 1 | 0.02 | 0.00 |
| (6) Hypertension uncomplicated | 72.20 | 74.37 | 72.20 | 0.2239 | 1 | 0.05 | 0.00 |
| (7) Hypertension complicated | 17.97 | 22.08 | 17.97 | <0.05 | 1 | 0.10 | 0.00 |
| (8) Paralysis | 2.76 | 2.95 | 2.76 | 0.9034 | 1 | 0.01 | 0.00 |
| (9) Other neurological disorders | 3.99 | 3.89 | 3.99 | 0.833 | 1 | 0.01 | 0.00 |
| (10) Chronic pulmonary disease | 99.69 | 92.17 | 99.69 | <0.001 | 1 | 0.39 | 0.00 |
| (11) Diabetes uncomplicated | 31.18 | 33.09 | 31.18 | 0.3377 | 1 | 0.04 | 0.00 |
| (12) Diabetes complicated | 13.21 | 14.52 | 13.21 | 0.382 | 1 | 0.04 | 0.00 |
| (13) Hypothyroidism | 18.43 | 17.17 | 18.43 | 0.4165 | 1 | 0.03 | 0.00 |
| (14) Renal failure | 13.06 | 19.74 | 13.06 | <0.001 | 1 | 0.18 | 0.00 |
| (15) Liver disease | 21.51 | 18.93 | 21.51 | 0.1182 | 1 | 0.06 | 0.00 |
| (16) Peptic ulcer disease excluding bleeding | 2.46 | 2.26 | 2.46 | 0.6811 | 1 | 0.01 | 0.00 |
| (17) AIDS/HIV | 0.15 | 0.06 | 0.15 | 0.3572 | 1 | 0.03 | 0.00 |
| (18) Lymphoma | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | – | 1 | – | – |
| (19) Metastatic cancer | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | – | – | – | – |
| (20) Solid tumor without metastasis | 0.15 | 0.06 | 0.15 | 0.3572 | 1 | 0.03 | 0.00 |
| (21) Rheumatoid arthritis | 7.83 | 6.87 | 7.83 | 0.3347 | 1 | 0.04 | 0.00 |
| (22) Coagulopathy | 1.69 | 1.43 | 1.69 | 0.6059 | 1 | 0.02 | 0.00 |
| (23) Obesity | 31.80 | 24.98 | 31.80 | <0.001 | 1 | 0.15 | 0.00 |
| (24) Weight loss | 4.76 | 4.19 | 4.76 | 0.4762 | 1 | 0.03 | 0.00 |
| (25) Fluid and electrolyte disorders | 27.80 | 30.41 | 27.80 | 0.1807 | 1 | 0.06 | 0.00 |
| (26) Blood loss anemia | 0.77 | 0.68 | 0.77 | 0.8021 | 1 | 0.01 | 0.00 |
| (27) Deficiency anemias | 4.45 | 5.12 | 4.45 | 0.5135 | 1 | 0.03 | 0.00 |
| (28) Alcohol abuse | 11.67 | 7.92 | 11.67 | <0.01 | 1 | 0.13 | 0.00 |
| (29) Drug abuse | 3.38 | 2.27 | 3.38 | 0.0794 | 1 | 0.07 | 0.00 |
| (30) Psychoses | 2.30 | 2.23 | 2.30 | 0.8895 | 1 | 0.01 | 0.00 |
| (31) Depression | 34.41 | 28.93 | 34.41 | <0.01 | 1 | 0.12 | 0.00 |
| Pharmacy-based groups | |||||||
| (1) Antiplatelet | 7.83 | 8.36 | 7.83 | 0.7106 | 1 | 0.02 | 0.00 |
| (2) Anticoagulant | 10.91 | 14.69 | 10.91 | <0.01 | 1 | 0.11 | 0.00 |
| (3) Epilepsy | 10.29 | 9.21 | 10.29 | 0.3593 | 1 | 0.04 | 0.00 |
| (4) Hypertension | 18.59 | 19.74 | 18.59 | 0.5029 | 1 | 0.03 | 0.00 |
| (5) HIV | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.15 | 0.507 | 1 | 0.02 | 0.00 |
| (6) Tuberculosis | 0.31 | 0.30 | 0.31 | 1 | 1 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| (7) Rheumatic conditions | 64.06 | 46.20 | 64.06 | <0.001 | 1 | 0.36 | 0.00 |
| (8) Hyperlipidemia | 34.56 | 32.60 | 34.56 | 0.3156 | 1 | 0.04 | 0.00 |
| (9) Malignancies | 0.31 | 0.27 | 0.31 | 0.6965 | 1 | 0.01 | 0.00 |
| (10) Parkinson’s disease | 2.00 | 2.51 | 2.00 | 0.5088 | 1 | 0.03 | 0.00 |
| (11) Renal disease | 0.61 | 0.92 | 0.61 | 0.6609 | 1 | 0.04 | 0.00 |
| (12) End stage renal disease (ESRD) | 0.31 | 0.44 | 0.31 | 1 | 1 | 0.02 | 0.00 |
| (13) Anti-arrhythmic | 2.00 | 6.29 | 2.00 | <0.001 | 1 | 0.22 | 0.00 |
| (14) Ischemic heart disease/angina | 7.07 | 9.47 | 7.07 | <0.05 | 1 | 0.09 | 0.00 |
| (15) Congestive heart failure | 66.67 | 70.71 | 66.67 | <0.05 | 1 | 0.09 | 0.00 |
| (16) Diabetes | 20.74 | 21.14 | 20.74 | 0.841 | 1 | 0.01 | 0.00 |
| (17) Glaucoma | 3.53 | 4.56 | 3.53 | 0.2746 | 1 | 0.05 | 0.00 |
| (18) Liver failure | 0.31 | 0.71 | 0.31 | 0.3184 | 1 | 0.06 | 0.00 |
| (19) Acid peptic disease | 62.67 | 56.62 | 62.67 | <0.01 | 1 | 0.12 | 0.00 |
| (20) Transplantation | 0.92 | 0.75 | 0.92 | 0.635 | 1 | 0.02 | 0.00 |
| (21) Respiratory illness, asthma | 98.62 | 83.77 | 98.62 | <0.001 | 1 | 0.54 | 0.00 |
| (22) Thyroid disorders | 22.12 | 19.98 | 22.12 | 0.2017 | 1 | 0.05 | 0.00 |
| (23) Gout | 15.51 | 16.62 | 15.51 | 0.5081 | 1 | 0.03 | 0.00 |
| (24) Inflammatory bowel disease, chronic | 1.23 | 0.70 | 1.23 | 0.1453 | 1 | 0.05 | 0.00 |
| (25) Pain and inflammation | 61.14 | 55.54 | 61.14 | <0.01 | 1 | 0.11 | 0.00 |
| (26) Pain | 19.66 | 17.95 | 19.66 | 0.2872 | 1 | 0.04 | 0.00 |
| (27) Depression | 30.72 | 24.66 | 30.72 | <0.001 | 1 | 0.14 | 0.00 |
| (28) Psychotic illness | 6.61 | 5.35 | 6.61 | 0.1762 | 1 | 0.05 | 0.00 |
| (29) Bipolar disorders | 0.31 | 0.21 | 0.31 | 0.6501 | 1 | 0.02 | 0.00 |
| (30) Anxiety and tension | 11.67 | 11.31 | 11.67 | 0.796 | 1 | 0.01 | 0.00 |
| (31) Hepatitis | 0.00 | 0.09 | 0.00 | 1 | 1 | 0.04 | 0.00 |
| (32) Ischemic heart disease | 51.15 | 54.99 | 51.15 | 0.0641 | 1 | 0.08 | 0.00 |
| Other matching variables | |||||||
| Female (in %) | 43.93 | 49.17 | 43.93 | <0.05 | 1 | 0.11 | 0.00 |
| Age | 64.24 | 69.47 | 64.24 | <0.001 | 1 | 0.49 | 0.00 |
| Tobacco addiction | 39.63 | 23.64 | 39.63 | <0.001 | 1 | 0.35 | 0.00 |
| FEV1 values | |||||||
| FEV1 ≥ 70 % | 6.91 | 7.25 | 6.91 | 0.8125 | 1 | 0.01 | 0.00 |
| 70 % > FEV1 ≥ 50 % | 17.20 | 17.28 | 17.20 | 1 | 1 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| 50 % > FEV1 ≥ 35 % | 24.73 | 17.75 | 24.73 | <0.001 | 1 | 0.17 | 0.00 |
| FEV1 < 35 % | 39.63 | 25.20 | 39.63 | <0.001 | 1 | 0.31 | 0.00 |
| FEV unknown | 11.52 | 32.51 | 11.52 | <0.001 | 1 | 0.52 | 0.00 |
| DMP enrolment | 62.21 | 37.16 | 62.21 | <0.001 | 1 | 0.52 | 0.00 |
| Insurance status | |||||||
| Mandatory | 29.03 | 21.77 | 29.03 | <0.001 | 1 | 0.17 | 0.00 |
| Pensionary | 64.98 | 71.69 | 64.98 | <0.001 | 1 | 0.14 | 0.00 |
| Voluntary | 5.99 | 6.54 | 5.99 | 0.6774 | 1 | 0.02 | 0.00 |