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Podocyte detachment. In elevated glucose levels, TGF-β provoked p38 MAPK, Smad signal pathway and NADPH, and cytp450 to increase the protein expressions of Bax, cytochrome C, and caspase-3, which resulted from overproduction of ROS. All of the above processes could result in podocyte apoptosis. They also stimulated the Notch/Jag/ICN1 signal pathway, which activated the Bcl-2 and p53 apoptotic pathways and induced podocyte apoptosis.
