Table 1.
Characteristics* of the Subjects and Families (N=376)
| Characteristic | % | |
|---|---|---|
| Child’s sex | ||
| Male | 47 | |
| Female | 53 | |
| Parent filling out questionnaire | ||
| Mother | 97 | |
| Father | 3 | |
| Mother’s race/ethnicity | ||
| Caucasian (non-Hispanic) | 98 | |
| African American | <1 | |
| Asian | <1 | |
| White (Hispanic) | 1 | |
| Educational level | Mother | Father |
| No response | 5 | |
| High school diploma or less | 16 | 26 |
| Some college | 25 | 23 |
| College degree | 42 | 30 |
| Graduate/professional degree | 18 | 16 |
| Family income | ||
| No response | 4 | |
| <$20,000 | 11 | |
| $20,000-$39,999 | 38 | |
| $40,000-$59,999 | 29 | |
| ≥$60,000 | 18 | |
| Family socioeconomic status | ||
| Unknown | 4 | |
| Low | 15 | |
| Middle | 44 | |
| High | 37 | |
| Orthodontic treatment initiated | ||
| Yes | 16 | |
| No | 84 | |
*
Sex, race/ethnicity, and income were assessed at recruitment (age 0). Educational levels also were assessed at recruitment, but updated at subsequent visits. Family socioeconomic status was defined using a combination of mother’s educational level and family income.