TABLE III.
Sleep parameters for individuals with Angelman syndrome, late-adolescence through adulthood
| Full Cohort % (n) |
Female odds ratio |
21–25y odds ratio |
26–30y odds ratio |
31–50y odds ratio |
UBE3A odds ratio |
UPD odds ratio |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|||||||
| Sleep | |||||||
| Sleep problems | 72% (109) | 1.310 | 0.977 | 3.479 | 1.553 | 1.296 | 1.481 |
| Melatonin Tx | 22% (109) | 0.997 | 3.070 | 1.228 | 1.945 | 1.812 | 0.906 |
| Other sleep medication a | 25% (109) | 0.949 | 0.345 | 0.942 | 0.497 | 1.447 | 1.241 |
| Sleep latency | |||||||
| Trouble falling asleep | 65% (85) | 2.449 | 0.539 | 0.827 | 1.042 | 0.357 | 1.071 |
| TV on to fall asleep | 45% (85) | 1.727 | 2.035 | 3.263 | 2.146 | 1.111 | 0.370 |
| Night waking | |||||||
| Difficulty staying asleep | 66% (85) | 2.139 | 0.907 | 0.587 | 3.036 | 5.469 | 2.344 |
| Awake overnight weekly b | 20% (85) | 1.150 | 0.426 | 0.969 | 0.848 | 0.484 | 2.031 |
| Never sleeps through the night b | 11% (84) | 3.985 | 0.522 | 3.026 | 3.420 | IS (0%, 9) | 1.000 |
| Co-sleeping | 17% (109) | 1.373 | 1.468 | 4.080* | 2.131 | IS (0%, 8) | 1.173 |
| TV on all night long | 24% (85) | 2.224 | 1.170 | 2.721 | 1.821 | 1.680 | 0.400 |
| Close nighttime monitoring c | 37% (109) | 1.193 | 3.311* | 1.999 | 1.858 | 0.694 | 0.347 |
| Daytime sleepiness | |||||||
| Naps routinely | 56% (108) | 0.997 | 3.704* | 3.125* | 2.778 | 0.545 | 0.545 |
| Often falls asleep | |||||||
| Riding in the car | 35% (108) | 0.837 | 4.424* | 4.315* | 2.833 | 1.477 | 0.923 |
| Watching TV or movies | 40% (108) | 1.282 | 3.214* | 3.304* | 1.803 | 0.375 | 0.656 |
| Sleep quantity | |||||||
| Hours of sleep per night δ | 7.4 (sd:1.67, n=61) | −0.175 | 0.985** | −0.439 | 1.470 | −0.850 | −0.207 |
| ≤5 hrs | 18% (61) | 3.762 | 0.261 | 2.073 | 2.619 | 4.714 | 1.886 |
| ≥8 hrs | 59% (61) | 0.948 | 4.526* | 0.871 | 0.273 | 0.905 | 1.206 |
| Lifetime sleep severity | |||||||
| Compared to infancy | |||||||
| Improved | 77% (108) | 1.741 | 1.740 | 0.799 | 0.406 | 0.964 | 2.893 |
| Worse | 6% (108) | 0.487 | 1.478 | 1.853 | IS (0%, 15) | 2.500 | IS (0%, 10) |
| Unchanged | 18% (108) | 0.648 | 0.363 | 1.019 | 3.339 | 0.612 | 0.476 |
| Compared to childhood | |||||||
| Improved | 68% (108) | 1.995 | 1.344 | 1.426 | 0.748 | 0.903 | 4.333 |
| Worse | 7% (108) | 0.302 | 6.852 | 6.292 | IS (0%, 15) | 1.971 | 1.725 |
| Unchanged | 24% (108) | 0.650 | 0.346 | 0.333 | 1.470 | 0.841 | IS (0%, 9) |
Age sub-groups compared with the 16–20y cohort. Genotype sub-groups compared with the Del cohort.
a
sleep medications included: trazadone, clonidine, clonazepam, seroquel, tranxene, eszopiclone, zolpidem, mirtazepine, temazepam, ramelteon, doxylamine.
b
awake for a period of an hour or more overnight.
c
awake caregiver overnight, audio/video monitoring, or posey bed. δ. regression coefficient listed for each covariate.
*
statistically significant odds ratio (α = 0.05).
**
statistically significant regression coefficient (α=0.05). IS: infinite solution (%, n), Tx: treatment, hrs: hours.