Two modes of sigma factor/anti-sigma factor interactions. Structures of σEEc bound to RseA (top left), σKMtb bound to RskA (top center), σERs bound to ChrR (top right), σWBs bound to RsiW (bottom left), and CnrH bound to CnrY (bottom center) are shown. Domains 2 and 4 of the sigma are in red and green, respectively. The anti-sigma factors are shown in turquoise. For ChrR, ChrR-ASD is the N-terminal anti-sigma domain and ChrR-CLD is the C-terminal cupin-like domain. A cartoon representation of the two binding modes is shown (bottom right). Structural representations were generated from PDB 1OR7 [27], 2Q1Z [26], 4NQW [30•], 5WUQ [29] and 4CXF [35••] using Chimera [71].