FIGURE 2.

Oxidative damage cell death pathway. The inhibition of Topo IV by LVX, or of Topo I by SCN, causes a local increase in supercoiling, resulting in the up-regulation of the fatDCEB operon. The consequent increase in the iron transporter it encodes causes an increase in intracellular Fe²⁺. MOX alters the transcriptome, up-regulating genes from several metabolic pathways involved in the production of pyruvate. Pyruvate can then be converted by pyruvate oxidase (SpxB) into hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). Fe²⁺ and H₂O₂ are the substrates of the Fenton reaction. The Fenton reaction renders hydroxyl radicals, which oxidatively damage DNA, proteins and lipids. Taken from Ferrándiz and de la Campa (2014), with modifications.