Knockdown of Iqsec2 expression increases the density of protrusions in hippocampal neurons. The density of protrusions on dendrites in hippocampal neurons transfected with shRNA vectors to reduce Iqsec2 expression were measured after 15 (15DIV; a) and 21 days in culture (21DIV; b); control shRL (white bars), shRA and shRB (dark gray bars), shRC (pale gray bars). At 15DIV (c) and 21DIV (d), the percentage of the total protrusions were divided into categories of diminishing size, as indicated on the right hand side of the figure, with stubby spines (dark gray), mushroom spines (medium gray), thin spines (pale gray) and filopodia in hatched bars. Data represent mean+s.e.m. At 15DIV, the number of neurons/segments/protrusions (filopodia and spines) measured from shRL (n=18/62/528), shRA (n=15/53/813), shRB (n=12/35/244) and shRC (n=18/55/555). At 21DIV, the number of neurons/segments/protrusions (filopodia and spines) measured from shRL (n=4/14/222), shRA (n=7/15/241), shRB (n=5/12/155) and shRC (n=7/16/212). Measures for each group from three biological replicates. Significance *P<0.05 or #P<0.001 compared with shRL control. DIV, days in vitro; IQSEC2, intelligence quotient motif and SEC7 domain containing protein 2 gene; shRNA, short hairpin RNA.