Table 1. The stress-induced biomarkers identified by UPLC–MS/MS in prefrontal cortex among different groups and their change trends.

Retention (min)		m/z		Metabolitesa	P-valueb
Aqueous	Organic	Positive	Negative		CUMS versus NC	LTDE versus NC	CLO versus NC	RIS versus NC	ARI versus NC
0.4	—	103.8	—	Choline	0.003↑	0.0001↓	ns	ns	ns
0.5	—	131.8	—	Creatine	0.033↑	0.020↓	0.001↑	0.001↑	0.003↑
0.7	—	136.9	—	Hypoxanthine	0.045↓	0.001↑	ns	ns	ns
0.6	—	—	167.1	Uric acid	0.004↓	0.045↑	ns	ns	ns
0.7	—	—	267.1	Inosine	0.023↓	0.010↑	0.006↑	ns	ns
0.8	—	—	174.9	Allantoic acid	0.002↑	0.043↓	ns	ns	ns
9.7	—	496.5	540.5	LysoPC(16:0)	0.033↑	0.001↓	ns	ns	ns
10.1	—	522.5	566.5	LysoPC(18:1)	0.045↑	0.001↓	ns	ns	ns
10.6	—	524.5	568.5	LysoPC(18:0)	0.031↑	0.001↓	ns	ns	ns
—	0.6	347.5	—	Corticosterone	0.025↑	0.001↓	0.023↓	ns	ns
—	0.7	315.4	—	Progesterone	0.027↓	0.0001↑	0.023↑	ns	ns
—	8.6	—	762.9	PE(16:0/22:6)	0.012↓	0.029↑	0.010↑	0.026↑	ns
—	10.9	—	790.7	PE(18:0/22:6)	0.001↓	0.014↑	0.005↑	ns	ns

Abbreviations: ↓, decreased; ↑, increased; ARI, aripiprazole; CLO, clozapine; CUMS, chronic unpredicatable mild stress; LTDE, long-term dexamethasone exposure; LysoPC, lysophosphatidylcholine; NC, normal control; ns, not significant; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine; RIS, risperidone; UPLC–MS/MS, ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

^aMetabolites responding to atypical antipsychotics are bolded.

^bNonparametric Kruskal–Wallis one-way analysis of variance followed by pairwise multiple comparisons.