HDX-MS changes of wild-type and mutant AMPK upon incubation with AMP or ATP. Changes were overlaid as heat map onto the structure of α1β2γ1 AMPK (4RER). The heat map legend (% change) is shown at the bottom. A, AMPK wild-type in the presence versus absence of AMP (left) or ATP (right). B, AMPK wild-type in the presence versus absence of 991. C, D, and E, AMPK triple mutants in which only CBS4 (C), CBS3 (B), or CBS1 (E) are functional (see Fig. 1).