Table 1.
Occurrence of emerging Fusarium and Alternaria mycotoxins in food and feed.
| Commodity | Mycotoxin | Total # Samples Analyzed | Prevalence Range (%) | Concentration Range (µg/kg) | Origin of Sample with Maximum Concentration | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cereals (unprocessed) a | BEA | 482 | 12–100 | <10–327 | Sweden | [17,31,32] |
| ENNs b | 482 | 96–100 | Finland | [17,31,32] | ||
| MON | 590 | 0.88–100 | <15–2606 | Italy | [17,31,32,41] | |
| AOH | 1582 | 2.4–47 | 0.75–832 | Germany | [42,43,44,45,46] | |
| AME | 1582 | 3.1–7.1 | 0.3–905 | Germany | [42,43,44,45,46] | |
| TeA | 1526 | 15–68 | 0.1–4224 | Germany | [42,43,44] | |
| ALT | 1106 | 2.63–7.1 | 6–196.6 | Germany | [42,45] | |
| ATX-I | 42 | 2.4 | 43 | South Africa | [45] | |
| TEN | 370 | 77 | 0.4–258.6 | China | [44] | |
| Rice | BEA | 70 | 75.7 | 3800–26,300 | Morocco | [34] |
| ENN A | 70 | 22.8 | 8400–119,500 | Morocco | [34] | |
| ENN A1 | 70 | 5.7 | 56,200–448,700 | Morocco | [34] | |
| ENN B | 70 | 30 | 4400–26,200 | Morocco | [34] | |
| ENN B1 | 70 | 24.3 | 3600–23,700 | Morocco | [34] | |
| Cereal products | BEA | 354 | 0–17.5 | 0.1–10,600 | Morocco | [33,35,36,37] |
| ENN A | 354 | 2.9–77 | 0.5–29,700 | Morocco | [33,35,36,37] | |
| ENN A1 | 354 | 30–100 | 0.25–688,000 | Morocco | [33,35,36,37] | |
| ENN B | 354 | 13.2–100 | 0.5–81,100 | Morocco | [33,35,36,37] | |
| ENN B1 | 354 | 17.6–100 | 0.5–795,000 | Morocco | [33,35,36,37] | |
| AOH | 83 | 31–89 | 8–121 | Italy | [18,36] | |
| AME | 83 | 26–89 | <0.4–48 | Italy | [18,36] | |
| TeA | 9 | 100 | <100–210 | Germany | [18] | |
| TEN | 9 | 100 | <1.6–12 | Germany | [18] | |
| Tomato products c | AOH | 187 | 28–70.6 | <2–41.6 | Belgium | [18,19,46,47] |
| AME | 187 | 20–79 | <0.9–7.8 | The Netherlands | [18,19,46,47] | |
| TeA | 187 | 40–100 | <5–462 | The Netherlands | [18,19,46,47] | |
| ALT | 83 | 32–56 | 6.1–62.0 | Belgium | [19] | |
| TEN | 117 | 21–64 | <3.9–8.9 | Belgium | [18,19] | |
| AOH-3-sulfate | 83 | 11–26 | 2.6–8.7 | Belgium | [19] | |
| AME-3-sulfate | 83 | 32–78 | 1.7–9.9 | Belgium | [19] | |
| Fruit juices d | AOH | 101 | 15–100 | <0.2–16 | Germany | [18,48] |
| AME | 101 | 25–100 | <0.13–4.9 | Germany | [18,48] | |
| TeA | 101 | 8–100 | <1.1–250 | Germany | [18,48] | |
| ALT | 101 | 4.3–100 | 1.18–18.4 | Germany | [18,48] | |
| TEN | 101 | 22–100 | <0.5–10.27 | Germany | [18,48] | |
| altenuic acid | 78 | 100 | 2.71 | Germany | [48] | |
| altenuisol | 78 | 8–50 | <0.74–5.58 | Germany | [48] | |
| Infant food e | TeA | 40 | 100 | 0.8–1200 | Germany | [49] |
| Wines | AOH | 30 | 20–93 | 0.65–11 | The Netherland | [46,48] |
| AME | 25 | 93 | 0.8–1.45 | Germany | [48] | |
| TeA | 25 | 60–100 | <1–60 | Germany | [48] | |
| TEN | 25 | 71 | 1.01–1.47 | Germany | [48] | |
| altenuic acid | 25 | 21–64 | <1–6.1 | Germany | [48] | |
| altenuisol | 25 | 55–71 | <0.74–2.91 | Germany | [48] | |
| Dried figs and olives | AOH | 14 | 7 | 8.7 | The Netherlands | [47] |
| TeA | 19 | 10–100 | 5.3–2345 | The Netherlands | [46,47] | |
| Vegetable oil | AOH | 19 | 47 | ≤6 | Germany | [18] |
| AME | 19 | 84 | <1.1–14 | Germany | [18] | |
| TeA | 19 | 21 | 15 | Germany | [18] | |
| TEN | 19 | 47 | <6.6–11 | Germany | [18] | |
| Sunflower seeds and oils | AOH | 35 | 10–55 | <4.9–39 | Germany | [18,47] |
| AME | 35 | 9–64 | <0.5–17 | The Netherlands | [18,47] | |
| TeA | 40 | 80–100 | <5–1350 | The Netherlands | [18,46,47] | |
| ALT | 11 | 9 | <14 | Germany | [18] | |
| ATX-I | 11 | 9 | <45 | Germany | [18] | |
| TEN | 16 | 20–91 | <3.7–800 | Germany | [18,46] | |
| Feed | BEA | 1345 | 50–98 | <2–2326 | not specified | [4,38,39,40] |
| ENN A | 1315 | 0–87 | <0.1–1745 | not specified | [4,39,40] | |
| ENN A1 | 1315 | 12–95 | <0.15–2216 | not specified | [4,39,40] | |
| ENN B | 1414 | 28–92 | <0.3–1514 | not specified | [4,39,40,50] | |
| ENN B1 | 1315 | 12–92 | <0.2–1846 | not specified | [4,39,40] | |
| MON | 1315 | 3–79 | <2–12,236 | not specified | [4,39,40] | |
| AOH | 264 | 0–80 | 17–221 | not specified | [4,50,51] | |
| AME | 264 | 1.5–82 | <6–733 | not specified | [4,50,51] | |
| TeA | 83 | 65 | not specified-1983 | not specified | [4] |
a Including wheat, oats, barley and rye; b Sum of different ENNs or not specified; c Including tomato sauce, paste, pieces, concentrate, pieces and ketchup; d Including apple, apricot, carrot, citrus, currant, grape, grapefruit, multi fruit, orange, sour cherry and vitaminized (ACE) juice; e Including tea infusions, puree infant food and cereals.