Table 1.
Overview of included studies
| Study ID | Type of study | Date | Nation (main) | All patients treated by physicians | Patients | ISS similar between groups | RSI for all patients | Verified intubation in ED of control group patients | Type of mortality measure | Exclusion of patients dying in the pre-hospital or ED phase | Study size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Al-Thani 2014 [27] | Retrospective database study | 2010–2011 | Qatar | No | Trauma | No | Yes | Yes | Not specified | Patients who died on scene before ETI excluded | 311 |
| Arbabi 2004 [28] | Retrospective database study | 1994–2001 | USA | No | Trauma | No | Medications given, not specified | Yes | Not specified | Not specified | 4317 |
| Bernard 2010 [29] | Randomized Controlled Trial | 2004–2008 | Australia | No | TBI | Yes | Yes | Yes | In-hospital | No | 312 |
| Bochicchio 2003 [30] | Observational Cohort study | 2000–2001 | USA | No | TBI | Yes | Yes | Yes | Not specified | Yes, within 48 hours (because of nonsalvageable TBI or donors) | 191 |
| Bukur 2011 [31] | Retrospective database study | 2005–2009 | USA | No | TBI | No | No | Yes | Not specified | DOA, in the pre-hospital environment, died in the ED, or any AIS = 6 excluded | 2366 |
| Davis 2005 (I) [33] | Retrospective database study | 1987–2003 | USA | No | TBI | No | No, only for some patients | Yes | Not specified | Death in the field or <30 minutes after ED admission excluded | 4247 |
| Davis 2005 (II) [32] | Retrospective database study | 1987–2003 | USA | No | TBI | No | No, only for some patients | Yes | Not specified | Death in the field or <30 minutes after ED admission excluded | 2243 |
| Eckert 2004 [35] | Retrospective database study | 1998–2002 | USA | No | Trauma | No | No | Yes | Not specified | Yes, up to 48 hours | 244 |
| Eckert 2006 [34] | Retrospective database study | 1994–2003 | USA | No | Trauma | No | No | Yes | Not specified | Yes, up to 24 hours | 415 |
| Eckstein 2000 [36] | Retrospective review of medical records | 1993–1995 | USA | No | Trauma | No | No | Yes | In-hospital | Some confirmed deaths in the ED included | 496 |
| Evans 2010 [38] | Retrospective database study | 2007–2008 | USA | No | Trauma | Yes | Yes | Yes | In-hospital | Death or discharge within 48 hours excluded | 572 |
| Evans 2013 [37] | Retrospective database study | 2002–2009 | Canada | No | TBI (trauma + GCS <9) | No | No | Yes | In-hospital | Patients that received pre- or in-hospital CPR excluded from mortality analysis | 1027 |
| Franschman 2011 [39] | Retrospective database study | 2003–2007 | the Netherlands | No | TBI | No | No, only for some patients | Yes | In-hospital | Not specified, but only patients with a CT-confirmed TBI included. | 335 |
| Irvin 2010 [40] | Retrospective database study | 2000− 2005 | USA | No | TBI (trauma + GCS 3) | No | No | Yes | In-hospital | Only patients with circulation at hospital admission included | 8748 |
| Oswalt 1992 [41] | Retrospective database study | 1988–1989 | USA | No | Trauma | No | No | Yes | Not specified | Deaths during resuscitation in the ED excluded | 44 |
| Shafi 2005 [42] | Retrospective database study | 1994–2002 | USA | No | Hypovolemic TBI (trauma + GCS <9) | No | No | Yes | In-hospital | ED deaths included Difference in mortality persisted in analysis of mortality for patients that survived beyond the ED | 8786 |
| Sloane 2000 [17] | Retrospective database study | 1988–1995 | USA | No | Trauma | Yes | Yes | Yes | 30 days | Not specified | 75 |
| Sollid 2010 [43] | Retrospective review of medical records | 1994–2005 | Norway | Yes, anaesthesiologists | Trauma | No | Yes | Yes | In-hospital | No | 287 |
| Tracy 2006 [44] | Retrospective database study | 2002–2003 | USA | No | Trauma | No | No information | Yes | Not specified | Yes, up to 48 hours | 628 |
| Tuma 2014 [45] | Retrospective database study | 2008–2011 | Qatar | No | TBI (head AIS ≥3 and GCS <9) | Yes | Yes | Yes | 30 days | Yes, up to 24 hours | 160 |
| Vandromme 2011 [46] | Prospective cohort study | 2006–2009 | USA | No | TBI | No | No, only for some patients | Yes | Not specified | Not specified, but only patients with a CT-confirmed TBI included | 149 |
| Wang 2004 [47] | Retrospective database study | 2000–2002 | USA | No | TBI | No | No, only for some patients | Yes | In-hospital | No, deaths in the ED included | 4098 |
ISS injury severity score, RSI Rapid sequence induction, ED emergency department, TBI Traumatic brain injury, GCS Glasgow coma scale, DOA dead on arrival, CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation, CT computed tomography AIS abbreviated injury scale, ETI endotracheal intubation