Table 1.
Comparison of baseline demographic and clinical characteristics in two study cohorts before and after matching
| Overall unmatched cohorts | Matched cohorts | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DPP4 n = 32,060 |
SGLT2 n = 5467 |
p value* (standardized difference, %) | DPP4 n = 9798 |
SGLT2 n = 4899 |
p value* (standardized difference, %) | |
| Age at index date (mean, SD) | 59.0 (12.5) | 54.6 (10.0) | <.001 (39%) | 55.1 (0.1) | 54.9 (0.1) | .19 (2%) |
| Age categories, n (%) | <.001 | .68 | ||||
| 18–44 | 3911 (12.2) | 871 (15.9) | (11%) | 1591 (16.2) | 757 (15.5) | (2%) |
| 45–54 | 7713 (24.1) | 1689 (30.9) | (15%) | 2942 (30.0) | 1484 (30.3) | (1%) |
| 55–64 | 10,386 (32.4) | 2185 (40.0) | (16%) | 3832 (39.1) | 1937 (39.5) | (1%) |
| ≥65 | 10,050 (31.4) | 722 (13.2) | (45%) | 1433 (14.6) | 721 (14.7) | (0%) |
| Gender, n (%) | <.001 | .73 | ||||
| Female | 13,744 (42.9) | 2513 (46.0) | (6%) | 4450 (45.4) | 2210 (45.1) | (1%) |
| Comorbidity | ||||||
| DCI, mean (SD) | 1.69 (1.5) | 1.43 (1.4) | <.001 (20%) | 1.4 (0.01) | 1.4 (0.02) | .54 (1%) |
| DCI categories, n (%) | <.001 | .24 | ||||
| 0 | 2483 (7.7) | 330 (6.0) | (7%) | 721 (7.4) | 322 (6.6) | (3%) |
| 1 | 18,075 (56.4) | 3509 (64.2) | (16%) | 6276 (64.1) | 3162 (64.5) | (1%) |
| 2 | 5613 (17.5) | 1014 (18.6) | (3%) | 1729 (17.7) | 849 (17.3) | (1%) |
| 3 | 5889 (18.4) | 614 (11.2) | (20%) | 1072 (10.9) | 566 (1.6) | (2%) |
| Provider specialty on index fill, n (%) | <.001 | .96 | ||||
| Endocrinologist | 3327 (10.4) | 1114 (20.4) | (28%) | 1425 (14.5) | 710 (14.5) | (0%) |
| PCP | 23,215 (72.4) | 3382 (61.9) | (23%) | 6581 (67.2) | 3283 (67.0) | (0%) |
| Other | 5518 (17.2) | 971 (17.8) | (1%) | 1792 (18.3) | 906 (18.5) | (1%) |
| Diabetes complications, n (%) | ||||||
| Any | 12,816 (40.0) | 1784 (32.6) | <.001 (15%) | 3032 (31.0) | 1561 (31.9) | .26 (2%) |
| Cardiovascular | 6635 (20.7) | 726 (13.3) | <.001 (20%) | 1318 (13.5) | 671 (13.7) | .68 (1%) |
| Neuropathy | 4170 (13.0) | 751 (13.7) | .14 (2%) | 1148 (11.7) | 616 (12.6) | .13 (3%) |
| Nephropathy | 3663 (11.4) | 312 (5.7) | <.001 (21%) | 544 (5.6) | 290 (5.9) | .36 (2%) |
| Retinopathy | 2165 (6.8) | 336 (6.2) | .10 (3%) | 548 (5.6) | 274 (5.6) | 1.00 (0%) |
| Peripheral vascular | 1886 (5.9) | 191 (3.5) | <.001 (11%) | 345 (3.5) | 180 (3.7) | .64 (1%) |
| Cerebrovascular | 1580 (4.9) | 129 (2.4) | <.001 (14%) | 273 (2.8) | 125 (2.6) | .41 (2%) |
| Metabolic | 204 (0.6) | 35 (0.6) | 0.97 (0%) | 49 (0.5) | 28 (0.6) | .57 (1%) |
| History of adverse events, n (%) | ||||||
| Renal | 2618 (8.2) | 155 (2.8) | <.001 (24%) | 297 (3.0) | 155 (3.2) | .66 (1%) |
| UTI | 2106 (6.6) | 279 (5.1) | <.001 (6%) | 509 (5.2) | 258 (5.3) | .85 (0%) |
| CHF | 1641 (5.1) | 115 (2.1) | <.001 (16%) | 225 (2.3) | 112 (2.3) | .97 (0%) |
| Hypoglycemia | 886 (2.8) | 157 (2.9) | 0.65 (1%) | 248 (2.5) | 130 (2.7) | .66 (1%) |
| Ketoacidosis | 101 (0.3) | 13 (0.2) | 0.34 (2%) | 22 (0.2) | 12 (0.2) | .81 (0%) |
| Pancreatitis | 98 (0.3) | 30 (0.6) | .004 (4%) | 36 (0.4) | 14 (0.3) | .42 (1%) |
| Prior OAD use, n (%) | ||||||
| Any | 24,394 (76.1) | 4183 (76.5) | .50 (1%) | 7496 (76.5) | 3721 (76.0) | .46 (1%) |
| Metformin | 19,700 (61.5) | 3431 (62.8) | .07 (3%) | 6105 (62.3) | 3084 (63.0) | .45 (1%) |
| Sulfonylurea | 10,576 (33.0) | 1720 (31.5) | .03 (3%) | 3056 (31.2) | 1575 (32.2) | .24 (2%) |
| TZD | 1880 (5.9) | 404 (7.4) | <.001 (6%) | 649 (6.6) | 338 (6.9) | .53 (1%) |
| Combination OAD | 1001 (3.1) | 272 (5.0) | <.001 (9%) | 421 (4.3) | 213 (4.4) | .89 (0%) |
| Meglitinide | 370 (1.2) | 58 (1.1) | .55 (1%) | 91 (0.9) | 52 (1.1) | .44 (1%) |
| Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor | 109 (0.3) | 19 (0.4) | .93 (0%) | 25 (0.3) | 16 (0.3) | .44 (1%) |
| MPR of any OAD, mean (SD) | 0.44 (0.4) | 0.47 (0.5) | <.001 (10%) | 0.45 (0.004) | 0.46 (0.005) | .14 (3%) |
| Insulin, n (%) | 3237 (10.1) | 1481 (27.1) | <.001 (45%) | 1848 (18.9) | 920 (18.8) | .91 (0%) |
| Other medications, n (%) | ||||||
| Cardiovascular drugs | 4096 (12.8) | 445 (8.1) | <.001 (17%) | 869 (8.9) | 403 (8.2) | .19 (2%) |
| Statin | 18,578 (58.0) | 3017 (55.2) | <.001 (6%) | 5307 (54.2) | 2696 (55.0) | .32 (2%) |
| ACE/ARB | 14,856 (46.3) | 2418 (44.2) | .004 (4%) | 4211 (43.0) | 2139 (43.7) | .43 (1%) |
| Diuretic | 10,991 (34.3) | 1774 (32.5) | .008 (4%) | 3063 (31.3) | 1585 (32.4) | .18 (2%) |
| Spironolactone | 709 (2.2) | 114 (2.1) | 0.56 (1%) | 172 (1.8) | 104 (2.1) | .12 (2%) |
| Beta blocker | 9171 (28.6) | 1292 (23.6) | <.001 (11%) | 2250 (23.0) | 1159 (23.7) | .35 (2%) |
ACE/ARB angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker, CHF coronary heart failure, DCI Deyo–Charlson comorbidity index, DPP4 dipeptidyl peptidase-4, MPR medication possession ratio, OAD oral antidiabetic drug, PCP primary care provider, SD standard deviation, SGLT2 sodium–glucose co-transporter 2, TZD thiazolidinediones, UTI urinary tract infection
* p values were derived from χ2 tests for categorical variables and t tests for continuous variables. Comparison group was DPP4