Table 1.

A summary of the studies showing the anti-oxidative effects of rice bran.

Supplementation/Treatment	Model	Effects of Supplementation/Treatment	Reference
Rice bran	Rat	Increase in GST activity	Boetang et al. 2009 [36]
Enzymatic extract of rice bran	Rat	Increase in activity of liver SOD, GPx and catalase Decrease in MDA and protein carbonyl levels in liver	Wang et al. 2014 [37]
Enzymatic extract of rice bran	Rat	Decrease in NADPH oxidase expression Decrease in superoxide production	Justo et al. 2013 [38]
Ethanolic extract of rice bran	HL-60 Leukaemia cell line	Decrease in superoxide production Decrease in MDA levels	Hansakul et al. 2011 [39]
Methanolic extract of rice bran	C6 glioma cell line	Ability of the extract to scavenge ROS and nitric oxide, and this effect was dose-dependent	Rao et al. 2010 [40]
Methanolic extract of rice bran	HepG2 Liver cancer cell line	Decrease in ROS production Decrease in MDA levels Prevention of glutathione depletion	Lee et al. 2014 [41]
Methanolic extract of rice bran	H9c2 (2-1) Rat cardiomyocytes	Increase expression level and activity of catalase	Tan et al. 2016 [43]
Fermented extract of rice bran	3T3-L1 adipocytes	Inhibition of ROS generation	Kim and Han, 2011 [42]
Rice bran oil	Rat	Reduction of MDA levels Slightly increase the activity of SOD, catalase and GPx	Sengupta et al. 2014 [44]
Rice bran oil	Rat	Increase in GST activity	Panala et al. 2009 [46]
Rice bran oil	Rat	Decrease in 8-oxodG level in mitochondria in the liver, pancreas and kidney	Hsieh et al. 2005 [47]
Rice bran oil (tocotrienol fraction)	Rat	Increase in GST activity Reduction of lipid peroxidation and low-density lipoprotein oxidation	Iqbal et al. 2004 [48]
Riceberry bran oil	Rat	Decrease in MDA levels Increase in the activity of SOD and GPx	Posuwan et al. 2012 [45]
MGN3/Biobran	Mouse	Increase in glutathione levels Increase in the expression and activity of SOD, catalase, GPx and GST	Noaman et al. 2008 [49]

Abbreviations: GPx, glutathione peroxidase; GST, glutathione-S-transferase; MDA, malondialdehyde; NADPH, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SOD, superoxide dismutase.