Figure 2.

Comparison of monocyte-endothelial adhesion inhibitory effects between DHPV and other procyanidins and their microbial metabolites. (A) Following pretreatment of procyanidin derivatives at the indicated concentrations for 1 h, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were exposed to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α for a further 5 h. Calcein AM-labeled THP-1 human monocytic cells were then added to the HUVEC medium and for 1 h to allow for adherence. The number of adhered THP-1 cells was determined with a fluorescence microplate reader at excitation and emission wavelengths of 485 and 535 nm, respectively. Images were captured with a fluorescence microscope; (B) Varying concentrations of DHPV and 30 μM of various procyanidins and their microbial metabolites were tested for cytotoxicity. Data are expressed as means ± SD (n = 4). # p < 0.05 versus control. Different letters (a, b, c and d) denote significant differences (p < 0.05); values bearing the same letters are not significantly different from each other. Pro A1, procyanidin A1; Pro A2, procyanidin A2; Pro B1, procyanidin B1; Pro B2, procyanidin B2; (−) Epi, (−) epicatechin; (+) Cate, (+) catechin; DHPA, 3-(3′,4′-dihydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid; DHAA, 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-acetic acid.