Table 2.
Lectin-based analytical techniques for glycan detection (modified from [171]).
| Technique | Fundament | References |
|---|---|---|
| Cell agglutination | Specific recognition of cell membrane carbohydrates or glycoconjugates. | [28,29,172] |
| Cytochemical and histochemical assays | Recognition of cell surface carbohydrates or glycoconjugates by labelled lectins or immuno-recognition of lectins. | [157,158,173,174] |
| Enzyme-linked lectin assay (ELLA) | Marked lectins used for binding to immobilized glycoconjugates. | [175,176,177] |
| Lectin affinity chromatography (LAC) | Affinity chromatography using immobilized lectins. | [178] |
| Lectin blotting | Qualitative method for detecting carbohydrates moieties in a western blot-like method. | [179,180] |
| Crossed affinity immunoelectrophoresis | Based in migration patterns changes of glycosylated proteins in an agarose gel which contain an embedded lectin. A second dimension is needed for detecting of the protein with embedded specific antibody in the gel and a final staining of proteins is required. | [175] |
| Flow cytometry | Lectins labelled with a fluorophore are used in order to detect cell surface glycoconjugates. | [181,182] |
| Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) | Immobilized lectins to a glass surface (optical biosensor) and binding to carbohydrates in solution is determined as changes in the refractive index. | [183,184] |
| Lectin microarrays | A panel of immobilized lectins in a chip is used for glycans recognition. | [4,37,139,166,177] |
| Antibody-Lectin Sandwich Array (ALSA) | Biomarker glycoprofiling by lectins and glycan-binding antibodies. | [158,185,186] |
| Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy biosensors (EIS) | A label-free biosensor based on the lectin–glycan interaction. | [187,188] |