| LPS | lipopolysaccharide |
| IRS-1 | insulin receptor substrate 1 |
| PI3K | phosphoinositide 3- kinase |
| JNK | Jun NH2-terminal kinase |
| AKT | Protein kinase B |
| GAPDH | Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase |
| β-actin | Beta-actin |
| FoxO1 | Forkhead box protein O1 |
| SP600125 | JNK inhibitor |
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