Table 3.

An enumeration of plant species that have been documented in literature to contain compounds and/or active ingredients that have effects on livestock ticks worldwide.

Species name of plant (English name)	Family name of plant	Part(s) of plant used	Application form/action (effects) and target tick species	Place	Source/ Reference
Acalypha fruticosa Forssk. Var. Villosa Hutch	Euphorbiaceae (spurge family)	Leaf	Sediment smeared onto the ears as repellent against ticks by the Turkana people of Kenya (aqueous preparation) eteteleit (Turkana language)	Kenya	[67]
			As tick attractant as observed in the field and laboratory (Luo, Abaki)	Kenya	[122]
Acorus calamus L.	Araceae (arum/ginseng family)	Rhizome	Repellent (aqueous and alcohol extracts) against Ixodes spp.	USA	[18, 123, 124]
Allium sativum (Link.) Döll. (Garlic)	Alliaceae (onion family)	Leaf/bulb	Eat garlic pills, tick repellent against Ixodes spp.	Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, USA	[125]
Ageratum houstonianum P. Mill. (Blue Mink)	Compositae/Asteraceae (daisy/aster family)	Essential oil from flowers	Toxic to ticks (Rhipicephalus lunulatus) at LD50 = 0.06653 µl/cm2 within 24 hrs.	Cameroon	[126]
Aloe broomii Schonl.	Xanthorrhoeaceae	Leaf	Boiling in water to make cattle dip and disinfectant. Oral leaf juice is made for cattle or for topical application	South Africa; Kenya	[67, 127]
Aloe ferox Mill. (cape aloe, bitter aloe, red aloe, and tap aloe)	Xanthorrhoeaceae	Leaf	Infusion had a strong dipping and topical toxicity effect against Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks	South Africa	[128]
Aloe marlothii Alwin Berger (mountain aloe or the flat-flowered aloe)	Xanthorrhoeaceae	Leaf	Dichloromethane extracts were repellent to Rhipicephalus appendiculatus	South Africa	[128]
Aloe spp.	Xanthorrhoeaceae	Leaf	Topical application of a paste of leaves, paraffin oil, and kitchen ash	Kenya	[67]
Aloe secundiflora Engl. (aloe)	Xanthorrhoeaceae	Whole plant	A concoction mixed with labia plant (Psiadia punctulata) to make an effective acaricide against brown ear tick (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus), red-legged tick (Rhipicephalus evertsii evertsi), Boophilus decoloratus, and bont tick (Amblyomma species)	Kenya (Samburu pastoralists) in Baragoi	[129]
Andropogon gayanus Kunth (bluestem, gamba, or llanero grass)	Poaceae or Gramineae (the grass family)	Whole plant	Toxic/repellent	South America, Mexico, Colombia	[108, 130–134]
Annona squamosa L. (sugar apple, custard apple, and sweetsop)	Annonaceae (custard apple family)	Leaf	Leaves rubbed over floors or placed in hens' nests to keep away vermin which includes ticks	India and Mexico	[135]
Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg (breadfruit)	Moraceae (fig/mulberry family)	Fresh leaf	Topical application of crude ethanol extracts/being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst.	Jamaica	[58, 136, 137]
Asclepias curassavica L. (redhead)	Asclepiadaceae (milkweed family)	Fresh leaf	Topical application of crude ethanol extracts/being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst.	Jamaica	[58]
Artemisia absinthium L. (wormwood)	Asteraceae	Whole plant	Essential oils from the plant have been shown to have acaricidal activity	Europe, Eastern North America	[137] http://www.florahealth.com/about_int.cfm?sub_link=Export
Artemisia herba-alba Asso (white wormwood)	Asteraceae	Aerial parts	Diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, hexane, and ethanol extracts showed toxicity against larvae of Hyalomma dromedarii Koch, 1844	Egypt	[138]
Artemisia tridentata Nutt. (big sagebrush)	Asteraceae	Leaves	Toxic to nymphal ticks (Ixodes scapularis (Say)) (LC50 = 0.180% wt : vol)	USA	[139]
Artemisia monosperma Del. (Tarragon)	Asteraceae	Aerial parts	Diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, hexane, and ethanol extracts showed toxicity against larvae of Hyalomma dromedarii Koch, 1844. Essential oils showed toxicity effects to the larvae of H. dromedarii and Argas persicus Oken, 1818, adults	Egypt	[138]
Azadirachta indica Adr. Juss. (neem tree)	Meliaceae (mahogany family)	Whole plant; leaf; fruit	Repellent/toxic/inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst.	Kenya Jamaica	[67, 140] [58, 136]
		Fruit	Oil extracts caused mortality of Amblyomma variegatum larvae	Nigeria	[141]
			Neem seed oil extracts caused mortality of Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum Koch larvae and malformation or deformities in developing ticks	Egypt	[142]
		Neem oil and azadirachtin EC formulation	At 2500 mg litre−1, azadirachtin caused significant reduction in feeding activity of larva (Hyalomma dromedarii), prolonged the period for molting to nymphal stage, and caused 60% reduction in moltability. Contact and dipping LC50 values were >40.7 µg cm−2 and >5000 mg litre−1, respectively.	Saudi Arabia	[143]
		Seed	Neem seed oil as an acaricide	India	[144]
		Seed	Neem seed oil as an acaricide against Boophilus microplus	India	[145, 146]
		Seed	Neem seed extracts as acaricide against Boophilus microplus	Colombia	[147]
Bixa orellana L. (annatto)	Bixaceae (achiote/annatto/lipstick tree family)	Fresh leaf	Topical application of crude ethanol extracts/being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus	Jamaica	[58]
Blighia sapida (ackee, akee, or achee)	Sapindaceae (soapberry family)	Fresh leaf	Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus	Jamaica	[58]
Bocconia frutescens L. (tree celandine/parrotweed/plume poppy)	Papaveraceae (poppy family)	Fresh leaf	Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus	Jamaica	[58]
Bontia daphnoides L. (kidney bush/white alling)	Myoporaceae (Lamiales)	Fresh leaf	Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus	Jamaica	[58]
Boscia angustifolia A. Rich	Capparidaceae	Aerial parts/oil	Repellency of their essential oil	Kenya	[104]
Boscia mossambicensis Klotzsch	Capparidaceae	Aerial parts/oil	Repellency of their essential oil	Kenya	[104]
Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst) Stapf cv. Marandu (marandu grass, surinam grass, signal grass, and Kenya sheep grass)	Gramineae	Whole plant	Antitick properties	South America, Brazil	[131]
Brachiaria decumbens (signal grass)	Grass family Panicoideae	Whole plant	Weak toxic/repellent	South America	[108]
Cadaba farinosa Forssk.	Capparidaceae	Aerial parts/oil	Repellency of their essential oil	Kenya	[104]
Cadia purpurea (G. Piccioli) Aiton	Caesalpiniaceae	Whole plant	A concoction mixed with Olea europaea subsp. Cuspidata (African olive tree) to make effective acaricide against brown ear tick (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus), red-legged tick (Rhipicephalus evertsii evertsii), Boophilus decoloratus, and bont tick (Amblyomma species)	Kenya (Samburu pastoralists) in Baragoi	[129]
Calocedrus decurrens (incense cedar and California post cedar)	Cupressaceae (cypress family)	Ground heartwood and leaves	Toxic to nymphal and larval ticks (Ixodes scapularis (Say)) (LC50 = 0.343 and 0.015% wt : vol, resp.)	USA	[139]
Calotropis procera (Ait) R. Br. (rooster tree, giant milkweed, and sodom apple)	Asclepiadaceae (milkweed family)	A cardiac glycosidal (cardenolide) extract	Contact and dipping LC50 values were 9.63 µg cm−2 and 1096 mg litre−1, respectively, against Hyalomma dromedarii larvae	Saudi Arabia	[143]
		Latex	Found to be acaricidal	Egypt	[148]
Calpurnia aurea	Fabaceae/Papilionaceae/Leguminosae (Hardy annual legume/pea family)	Leaf and bark	Juice mixed with spice of Capsicum spp.	Ethiopia	[149]
Cinnamomum camphora (camphor plant)	Lauraceae  The Laurel family		Acaricide, essential oils repellent against Ixodes spp.	USA	[150]
Cannabis sativa L.(ganja/marijuana, marihuana, hemp, hashish, pot)	Cannabaceae (hemp family)	Fresh leaf	Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst.	Jamaica	[58]
Capsicum annum L.(scotch bonnet/pimento or sweet pepper)	Solanaceae (lemon pepper/nightshade/potato family)	Fresh leaf	Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being Toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst.	Jamaica	[58]
Capsicum spp.	Solanaceae (lemon pepper/nightshade/potato family)	Fruits/leaves	Spice mixed with juice of leaf and bark from Calpurnia aurea to form an acaricide	Ethiopia	[149]
Calpurnia aurea L.	Fabaceae/Papilionaceae/Leguminosae/ Papilionaceae (hardy annual, legume/pea/bean family)	Leaf and bark	Spice mixed with juice of leaf and bark from Calpurnia aurea to form an acaricide	Ethiopia	[149]
Carduus leptacanthus Fresen.	Asteraceae (also known as Compositae or daisy family)		Acaricide	Rwanda	[151]
Cassia tora L.	Caesalpiniaceae/Leguminosae/ Papilionaceae/Fabaceae (hardy annual, legume bean/pea family)	Leaf	Juice of smashed leaves orally	India	[152]
Cassia occidentalis L./Senna occidentalis L. (coffee senna/coffeeweed)	Caesalpiniaceae/Leguminosae/ Papilionaceae/Fabaceae, (Hardy annual – legume Bean/pea Family)	Fresh leaf	Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition of Boophilus microplus Canst.	Jamaica	[58]
Catharanthus roseus L. (Madagascar periwinkle)	Apocynaceae (dogbane family)	Fresh leaf	Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst.	Jamaica	[58]
Cecropia peltata L. (trumpet tree)	Cecropiaceae (previously included in the family Moraceae, mulberry family)	Fresh leaf	Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst.	Jamaica	[58]
Cenchrus ciliaris L. (buffel grass)	Poaceae (the grass family)	Whole plant	Repellent	South America	[113]
Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A. Murr.) Parl. (Port Orford cedar)	Cupressaceae (cypress family)	Stump oil	Toxic to nymphal and larval ticks (Ixodes scapularis (Say)) (LC50 = 0.487 and 0.041% wt : vol, resp.)	USA	[139]
Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach (Alaska yellow-cedar)	Cupressaceae (cypress family)	Heartwood and leaves	Toxic to nymphal and larval ticks (Ixodes scapularis (Say)) (LC50 = 0.151 and 0.007% wt : vol, resp.)	USA	[139]
Chebliswo-plant in Pokot vernacular in Kenya		Root and Leaf	Solution of smashed parts	Kenya	[153]
Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Mexican tea	Chenopodiaceae (goose-foot family)	—	—	Rwanda	[151]
Chenopodium ugandae	Chenopodiaceae (goose-foot family)	—	—	Uganda	[151]
Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium L.	Asteraceae (also known as Compositae or daisy family)	Flowers	Pyrethrins act as acaricide/toxicant/repellent	USA	[150]
Citronella plants	Myrtaceae (Poaceae or Gramineae)	Leaf	Extracts-tick repellents against Ixodes spp.	USA	[154]
Citrullus lanatus Thunb.	Cucurbitaceae (cucumber family)	Fruit		Zimbabwe	[18, 105]
Citrus aurantium L.(Seville orange)	Rutaceae (rue family)	Fresh leaf	Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst.	Jamaica	[58]
Cleome hirta (Klotzsch.) Oliv.	Cleomaceae	Aerial parts/oil	Repellent/toxic/killer of ticks (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus)	Kenya	[155]
Cleome gynandra (Cleome)	Cleomaceae	Leaves	Repellents and acaricides for certain larval, nymphal, and adult ticks	South Africa	http://www.daff.gov.za/docs/brochures/cleome.pdf
Clerodendrum glabrum E. Mey.	Lamiaceae	Leaf	Acetone extracts showed relatively high repellency activity against Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks	South Africa	[128]
Commiphora swynnertonii Burtt.	Burseraceae (copal family and/or torchwood family)	Gum resin	Repellency of their essential oil	Kenya	[104]
Commiphora erythraea Engler.	Burseraceae (copal family and/or torchwood family)	Gum resin/viscous oil/pure components/hexane extract	Smear paste of camel urine and gum resin/toxic/repellent/larvicide	Kenya	[67, 116, 156, 157]
Commiphora holtziana	Burseraceae (copal family and/or torchwood family)	Gum, bark, and leaf	Repellent	Kenya	[117]
Commiphora incisa	Burseraceae (copal family and/or torchwood family)	Gum resin	Smear paste of camel urine and gum resin	Kenya	[67]
Commiphora merkeri Engl.	Burseraceae (copal family and/or torchwood family)	Gum, bark, and leaf	Acaricide		[158]
Commiphora myrrh Jacq. (Commiphora abyssinica (Nees) Engl., Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl., and Commiphora schimperi (Nees) Engl.) (all these plants are sources of Myrrh)	Burseraceae (copal family and/or torchwood family)	Gum resin/oil/pure components	Toxic/Repellent	Kenya	[116, 156]
		Oleoresin gum (crude myrrh)	Myrrh essential oil/oil of Heerabol Myrrh (bola, myrrha and gum, common, and hirabol myrrh), repellent against Ixodes spp.	Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, USA	[125]
Commiphora molmol Engler.	Burseraceae (copal family and/or torchwood family)	Myrrh	LC50 of Myrrh extract caused death of fowl tick Argas persicus by destroying the epithelial gut of cells	Egypt	[159]
Commiphora tenuis	Burseraceae (copal family)	Larger leaf	Toxic/repellent when rubbed on camels' coats	Kenya	Wanzala-Personal experience with Somali pastoralists
Crotalaria retusa L. (rattle weed)	Caesalpiniaceae/Leguminosae/Papilionaceae/ Fabaceae, (Hardy annual, legume bean/pea family)	Fresh leaf	Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst.	Jamaica	[58]
Cuscuta americana L. (love bush/weed)	Cuscutaceae (Convolvulaceae) (dodder family)	Fresh leaf	Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst.	Jamaica	[58]
Cycloptis semicordata L. (tall fern)	Polypodiaceae (polypody/fern family)	Fresh leaf	Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst.	Jamaica	[58]
Cymbopogon flexuosus (Nees ex Stend.) Wats. (lemon grass)	Gramineae (Poaceae) (grass family)	Leaf	A blend with marjoram grass and tea tree essential oils forms antitick repellent spray	New Zealand	[160]
Cymbopogon martinii stapf var. motia/(Roxb.) Wats. var. motia Burk.	Gramineae (Poaceae) (grass family)	Leaf/flower	Palmarosa essential oil (Turkish Geranium/Andropogon/Nepal), tick repellent against Ixodes spp.	Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, USA	[125]
Cymbopogon nardus R. (Andropogon nardus) (citronella grass, lemon grass, nardus)	Gramineae (Poaceae) (grass family)	Leaf/flower	Citronella essential oil (lemon balm, Sri Lanka or Lenabatu citronella), tick repellent against Ixodes spp.	Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, USA	[125]
Cynodon dactylon (star grass)	Poaceae (grass family)	Whole plant	Weak toxic/repellent	South America	[108]
Datura stramonium L.	Solanaceae (nightshade family)	Seed/fruit	Acaricide	Rwanda	[151]
Delphinium brunonianum Royle	Ranunculaceae (Helleboraceae) (buttercup family)	Leaf	Juices of leaves used to destroy ticks	USA	[18, 161]
Derris elliptica (Sweet) Benth.	Fabaceae/Papilionaceae/Leguminosae (hardy annual, legume/pea family)	Root powder	Aqueous solution mixed with soft soap to make an acaricide	USA	[18, 150, 162–164]
Digitalis purpurea L. (purple foxglove)	Scrophulariaceae (Figwort family)	A cardiac glycosidal (digitoxin) extract	Contact and dipping LC50 values were 4.08 µg cm−2 and 409.9 mg litre−1, respectively, against Hyalomma dromedarii larvae	Saudi Arabia	[143]
Dioscorea polygonoides Willott (wild yam)	Dioscoreaceae (yam family)	Fresh leaf	Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst.	Jamaica	[58]
Diplophyllum africanum Turcz.	Scapaniaceae (Diplophyllaceae)	Whole plant	Acaricide	Rwanda	[151]
Dioscorea dumetorum (Kunth) Pax.	Dioscoreaceae (yam family)	Root	Roots crushed in water to form a solution	Tanzania	[165, 166]
Dissotis throthae	Melastomataceae (melastome family)		—	Rwanda	[151]
Ervatamia divaricate L. (Burkill.) (coffee rose)	Apocynaceae	Fresh leaf	Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst.	Jamaica	[58]
Erythrina corallodendron L. (Spanish maschette)	Caesalpiniaceae/Leguminosae/Papilionaceae/ Fabaceae (hardy annual, legume bean/pea family)	Fresh leaf	Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being Toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst.	Jamaica	[58]
Eucalyptus spp. (gum trees)	Myrtaceae (myrtle family)	Leaf and branch	Eucalyptus essential oil mixed with S. Nigra leaf extract make a repellent against Ixodes spp.	USA	[18, 167]
Eucalyptus spp. (gum trees)	Myrtaceae (myrtle family)	Leaf and branch	Plant oil as an acaricide	USA	[167]
Eucalyptus spp. (gum trees)	Myrtaceae (myrtle family)	Leaf and branch	Eucalyptus essential oil toxic to nymphal and larval ticks (Ixodes scapularis (Say)) at >2% concentration (wt : vol)	USA	[139]
Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (Tasmanian bluegum, eucalypt, and fever tree)	Myrtaceae (myrtle family)	Leaf and branch	Eucalyptus essential oil, Tick repellent against Ixodes spp.	Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, USA	[125]
		Leaf	Leaf decoction is traditionally used for repelling insects and vermin	USA	[168]
Eupatorium odoratum Penny Clifford (Chromolaena odorata (L.) RM King and H. Robinson) (Jack in the bush)	Asteraceae (daisy/aster family)	Fresh leaf	Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst.	Jamaica	[58]
Eupatorium villosum (L.) George R. (bitter bush)	Asteraceae (daisy/aster family)	Fresh leaf	Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst.	Jamaica	[58]
Euphorbia aegyptiaca Boiss.	Euphorbiaceae (spurge family)	Aerial parts	Diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, hexane, and ethanol extracts showed toxicity against larvae of Hyalomma dromedarii Koch, 1844	Egypt	[138]
Euphorbia candelabrum	Euphorbiaceae (spurge family)	Latex	Latex as toxic/killer/acaricide	Kenya	[140]
Euphorbia obovalifolia	Euphorbiaceae (spurge family)	Latex	Acaricide	Ethiopia	[149]
Fagara microcarpa (Griseb.) Krug & Urb. (bitter bush)	Rutaceae (citrus family)	Fresh leaf	Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst.	Jamaica	[58]
Ficus brachypoda	Moraceae	Latex	Acaricide	Ethiopia	[149]
Ficus cfr. burkei	Moraceae		Acaricide	Rwanda	[151]
Foeniculum vulgare P. Mill. (Florence fennel, finocchio, anise, and sweet fennel)	Umbelliferae/Apiaceae (carrot family)	Root	Toxic to nymphal ticks (Ixodes scapularis (Say)) (LC50 = 0.744% wt : vol)	USA	[139]
Francoeuria crispa (Forsk.) Cass. (Francoeuria)	Asteraceae (daisy/aster family)	Aerial parts	Diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, hexane, and ethanol extracts showed toxicity against larvae of Hyalomma dromedarii Koch, 1844	Egypt	[138]
Gliricidia sepium Jacq. (Aaron's rod)	Caesalpiniaceae/Leguminosae/Papilionaceae/ Fabaceae (hardy annual, legume bean/pea family)	Fresh leaf	Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst.	Jamaica	[58]
Gnidia kraussiana Meissner	Thymelaeaceae	Root	Acaricide	Rwanda	[151]
Gynandropsis gynandra (L.) Briq. (Chisaka-Luhya, Ejobyo-Luganda, and Akeyo-Luo)	Capparidaceae	Aerial parts/essential oil	Repellent/toxic/killer	Kenya	[44, 104, 109, 118, 120]
Haplophyllum tuberculatum (Forsskål) A. H. L. Jussieu	Rutaceae	Aerial parts	Essential oils showed toxicity effects to the larvae of Hyalomma dromedarii Koch, 1844 and Argas persicus Oken, 1818, adults	Egypt	[138]
Haematoxylum campechianum L. (logwood)	Caesalpiniaceae/Leguminosae/Papilionaceae/ Fabaceae (hardy annual, legume bean/pea family)	Fresh leaf	Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition of Boophilus microplus Canst.	Jamaica	[58]
Hedeoma pulegioidesL. Pers. (American Pennyroyal, mock pennyroyal, squaw mint, tickweed, stinking balm, mosquito plant)	Lamiaceae previously known as Labiatae (dead-nettle or mint family)	Leaf/flower	Essential oil of American pennyroyal, tick repellent against Ixodes spp.	USA	[125, 169, 170]
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. (shoe black)	Malvaceae (mallow family)	Leaf	Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst.	Jamaica	[58]
Hyacinthoides hispanica (P. Mill.) Rothm. (Endymion hispanicus (P. Mill.) Chouard) (bluebells, Spanish bluebells, Spanish squill)	Liliaceae (lily family)	Whole plant	It is antitick plant and confidently help heal the problems brought about by ticks	USA and South Africa	Wanzala's personal communication with Annie Berthold-Bond in USA
Hydnora johannis Beccari	Hydnoraceae	Whole plant	Acaricide	Rwanda	[151]
Hyparrhenia rufa (jaragua grass)	Poaceae (grass family)	Whole plant	Weak toxic/repellent	South America	[128]
Hyptis verticillata	Lamiaceae previously known as Labiatae (dead-nettle or mint family)		Chemosterilant that inhibits oviposition and egg hatching	Central America	[171]
Impatiens stuhlmannii Warb.	Balsaminaceae (balsam, impatiens family)	Leaf	Acaricide	Rwanda	[151]
Iphiona rotundifolia	Asteraceae (also known as Compositae or daisy family)	Leaf	An acaricide infusion made from leaf	Somali	[61]
Jatropha curcas L. (Barbados nut, purging nut, and physic nut)	Euphorbiaceae (spurge family)	Leaf	Infusion had a dipping and topical toxicity effect against Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks. Methanol extract repelled the ticks also	South Africa	[128]
Juglans nigra L.	Juglandaceae	Whole plant	Repellent against Ixodes spp.	USA	[18, 167]
Juniperus occidentalis L (Western juniper)	Cupressaceae (cypress family)	Heartwood and leaves	Toxic to nymphal and larval ticks (Ixodes scapularis (Say)) (LC50 = 0.633 and 0.073% wt : vol, resp.)	USA	[139]
Juniperus virginiana L (Eastern red cedar)	Cupressaceae (cypress family)	Heartwood and leaves	Toxic to nymphal and larval ticks (Ixodes scapularis (Say)) (LC50 = 0.328 and 0.001% wt : vol, resp.)	USA	[139]
Justicia pectoralis L. (Fresh cut)	Acanthaceae (carpenter grass)	Fresh leaf	Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst.	Jamaica	[58]
Kaliya, Pokot vernacular		Fruit	Fruit juice	Kenya	[153]
Lantana involucrata Roxb. (wild mint)	Verbenaceae (vervain family)	Fresh leaf	Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst.	Jamaica	[58]
Laurencia obtusa (Hudson) J. V. Lamouroux, 1813	Rhodomelaceae	Fresh leaf	Topical application of crude ethanol extract affected the survival of engorged and adult female Boophilus microplus Canst. and inhibited its oviposition and embryogenesis	Jamaica	[172]
Lavandula angustifolia (L. officinalis, L. spica, and L. vera)	Lamiaceae previously known as Labiatae (dead-nettle or mint family)	Leaf/flower	Lavender essential oil, tick repellent against Ixodes spp.	Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, USA	[125]
Lepidium sativum	Brassicaceae (cabbage family)	Seed	Crushed seeds mixed with cattle faeces and smeared on cattle	Ethiopia	[149]
Liagora elongate  Liagora farinosa J. V. Lamouroux 1816	Liagoraceae (rhodophytes)	Whole plant	Topical application of crude ethanol extract affected the survival of engorged and adult female Boophilus microplus Canst. and inhibited its oviposition and embryogenesis	Jamaica	[172]
Lippia alba L. (colic Mint)	Verbenaceae (vervain family)	Fresh leaf	Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst.	Jamaica	[58]
Lonchocarpus laxiflorus	Fabaceae/Papilionaceae/Leguminosae (hardy annual, legume/pea family)	Floral parts	Rotenoids act as acaricide	USA	[150]
Lupinus mutabilis Sweet (tarwi lupine/Adeans lupines/tarwi plant)	Fabaceae/Papilionaceae/Leguminosae (hardy annual, legume/pea family)	—	Acaricide	Europe	[91]
Majorana hortensis Mönch (sweet marjoram)	Lamiaceae previously known as Labiatae (dead-nettle or mint family)	Leaf	A blend with lemon grass and tea tree essential oils forms antitick repellent spray	New Zealand	[160]
Mammea americana L.	Clusiaceae/Guttiferae	Fruit and leaf/seeds	Toxic, sap/infusion in water/powdered seeds/decoction of seeds	USA	[18, 173]
Margaritaria discoidea (Baill.) G. L. Webster (pheasant-berry, egossa red pear, or bushveld peacock-berry)	Phyllanthaceae (leaf-flower family)	Latex	Toxic/killer/acaricide. Oil hexane and water soluble extracts against the ticks Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and Amblyomma variegatum	Kenya	[174]
Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel. (tea tree oil)	Myrtaceae (myrtle family)	Leaf	A blend with lemon grass and marjoram essential oils forms antitick repellent spray	New Zealand	[160]
Melia azedarach L. (Chinaberry, Persian lilac tree)	Meliaceae (mahogany family)	Fruit	Extracts caused mortality of Boophilus microplus larvae and inhibited partially or totally egg production and embryogenesis in engorged females	South America, Brazil	[175]
Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq. Guinep. Synonym: Melicocca bijuga L.	Sapindaceae	Fresh leaf	Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst.	Jamaica	[58]
Melinis minutiflora Beauv. (molasses grass)	Poaceae or Gramineae (the grass family)	Whole plant (grass)	Toxic/repellent. The plant repels ticks (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and Boophilus microplus)	South America, Caribbean, Kenya, Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, Central Africa, Southern Africa	[107, 108, 119, 127, 130, 131, 134, 176], Cornell University Medicinal plants Homepage-2003
Melissa officinalis L. (lemon balm, balm, common balm, cytria, hashishat al nahil, kovanutu, ogulotu, seiyo-yama-hakka, sweet balm, toronjil, tronjan)	Lamiaceae previously known as Labiatae (dead-nettle or mint family)	Aerial parts	European pennyroyal essential oil, tick repellent against Ixodes spp.	Europe and USA, Mecklenburg County, North Carolina	[125]
Mesembryanthemus forsskale (Hochst)	Aizoaceae	Aerial parts	Diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, hexane, and ethanol extracts showed toxicity against larvae of Hyalomma dromedarii Koch, 1844	Egypt	[138]
Mentha × piperita L. (M. balsamea Willd.) (pepper mint)	Piperaceae		Oil repellents against Ixodes spp.	USA	[154]
Mentha pulegium L. (European pennyroyal, pulegium, run-by-the-ground, lurk-in-the-ditch, pudding grass, mosquito plant, fleabane, tickweed, squaw balm, squawmint tickweed)	Lamiaceae previously known as Labiatae (dead-nettle or mint family)	Aerial parts	European pennyroyal essential oil, tick repellent against Ixodes spp.	Europe and USA, Mecklenburg County, North Carolina	[125]
Mimosa pudica L. (shame mi lady or sensitive plant)	Mimosaceae/Fabaceae	Fresh leaf	Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst.	Jamaica	[58]
Momordica charantia L. (wild cerasee)	Cucurbitaceae	Leaf	Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst.	Jamaica	[58]
Neorautanenia mitis (A. Rich) Verdc.	Fabaceae/Papilionaceae/Leguminosae (hardy annual, legume/pea family)	Root	Acaricide	Rwanda	[151]
Nerium oleander L. (Oleander)	Apocynaceae	Fresh leaf	Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst.	Jamaica	[58]
Nicotiana tabacum L., N. rustica, and N. glutinosa	Solanaceae (nightshade family)	Fresh leaf	Leaf extract applied as acaricide. Toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst.	USA, Jamaica, and Kenya	[18, 43, 58, 67, 150, 167]
Nicotiana tabacum L. (Tobacco)	Solanaceae (nightshade family)	Aerial part	Aqueous extracts had immediate effect on mortality of engorged Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides ticks and its fecundity production of females	India	[177]
		Leaf	Add Magadi soda to the leaf to make Kupetaba, antifeedant/growth disrupting/toxic/antiovipositant	Kenya	[43]
		Whole plant	A concoction mixed with sodom apple (Solanum incanum) to make an effective acaricide against brown ear tick (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus), red-legged tick (Rhipicephalus evertsii evertsi), Boophilus decoloratus, and bont tick (Amblyomma species)	Kenya (Samburu pastoralists) in Baragoi	[129]
Ocimum micranthum Wild. (wild parsley)	Lamiaceae previously known as Labiatae (dead-nettle or mint family)	Leaf	Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst.	Jamaica	[58]
Ocimum suave Willd.	Lamiaceae previously known as Labiatae (dead-nettle or mint family)	Leaf	Oil as repellent/acaricide	Kenya, Tanzania	[178–180]
Olea europaea subsp. Cuspidata (African olive tree)	Oleaceae (olive family)	Whole plant	A concoction mixed with Ilkerereai (Cadia purpurea) make effective acaricide against brown ear tick (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus), red-legged tick (Rhipicephalus evertsii evertsi), Boophilus decoloratus, and bont tick (Amblyomma species)	Kenya (Samburu pastoralists) in Baragoi	[129]
Oreopanax capitatus Jacq. (Aralia)	Araliaceae	Fresh leaf	Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst.	Jamaica	[58]
Padina vickerisiae	Phaeophyceae (brown seaweeds)	Whole plant	Topical application of crude ethanol extract affected the survival of engorged and adult female Boophilus microplus Canst. and inhibited its oviposition and embryogenesis	Jamaica	[172]
Peganum harmala L.	Zygophyllaceae	Aerial parts	Extracts of petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and ethanol showed toxicity effects on engorged females of Boophilus annulatus Say, 1821	Egypt	[138]
Pelargonium graveolens L'Hérit. or P. Odoratissimum (lemon plant/rose geranium/sweet scented geranium)	Geraniaceae (the stork's bill family)	Leaf/flower	Rose geranium essential oil, tick repellent against Ixodes spp.	Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, USA	[125]
Pennisetum clandestinum (Kikuyu grass)	Gramineae/Poaceae (grass family)	Whole plant	Weak toxic/repellent	South America	[108]
Pennisetum typhoides	Gramineae/Poaceae (grass family)	Corn and stem	Powder/dust	Southern Africa and Niger	[127, 181]
Petiveria alliacea L. (Guinea hen)	Phytolaccaceae	Leaf, root	Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst. Crude ethanol extracts exhibit some repellent activity against B. Microplus Canst. Dibenzyltrisulfide, a compound in the roots of P. alliacea, is acaricidal	Jamaica; Central and South America, Caribbean and Africa	[58, 182] Cornell University Medicinal plants Homepage-2003
Peucedanum angolense (Welw.)	Apiaceae (carrot family)	Leaf	Acaricide	Rwanda	[151]
Physostigma mesoponticum Taub.	Fabaceae/Papilionaceae/Leguminosae (hardy annual, legume/pea family)	Tuber, leaf, bark, root	An infusion	Malawi	[96]
Phytolacca dodecandra L'Herit.	Phytolaccaceae	Leaf	Juice; acaricide	Rwanda, Ethiopia	[149, 151]
Pimenta dioica L. (pimento)	Myrtaceae	Fresh leaf	Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst.	Jamaica	[58]
Pimenta racemosa (West Indian bay tree, bay rum tree, wild cinnamon, and bayberry)	Myrtaceae	Leaf	Bay essential oil, repellent against ticks (Ixodes spp.)	Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, USA	[125]
Piper amalago L. (black jointer)	Piperaceae	Fresh leaf	Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst.	Jamaica	[58]
Piper auritum H. B. & K.	Piperaceae	Whole plant parts	Juice	USA	[18]
Piper auritum H. B. & K.	Piperaceae	Whole plant	Juice	Central America	[183]
Piper capense L. f.	Piperaceae	Leaf	Acaricide	Rwanda	[151]
Piqueria trinervia Cav.	Compositae	Leaf/flower/root	Piquerols A and B as acaricide against Boophilus microplus Canst.	South America	[184]
Pongamia pinnata Vent. (Indian beech, Pongam oil tree)	Fabaceae/Papilionaceae/Leguminosae (hardy annual, legume/pea family)	Seed	Pongamia essential oil is used as acaricide against Boophilus microplus Canst.	India	[145]
Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco var. menziesii (formerly P. taxifolia) (Douglas-fir, Douglasfir)	Pinaceae (pine family)	Wood pitch	Toxic to nymphal and larval ticks (Ixodes scapularis (Say)) at >2% concentration (wt : vol)	USA	[139]
Psiadia punctulata (DC) Vatke	Asteraceae/Compositae (daisy family)	Whole plant	A concoction mixed with aloe (Aloe secundiflora) effective acaricide against brown ear tick (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus), red-legged tick (Rhipicephalus evertsii evertsi), Boophilus decoloratus, and bont tick (Amblyomma species)	Kenya (Samburu pastoralists) in Baragoi	[129]
Ptaeroxylon obliquum Radlk	Ptaeroxylaceae		An infusion of the powder as a wash	Southern Africa	[18, 127]
Ranunculus multifidus Forsk.	Ranunculaceae (buttercup family)	Fruit	Acaricide	Rwanda	[151]
Reaumuria hirtella (Jaub. & Spach)	Tamaricaceae	Aerial parts	Diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, hexane, and ethanol extracts showed toxicity against larvae of Hyalomma dromedarii Koch, 1844	Egypt	[138]
Rhoicissus tridentata	Vitaceae	Plant parts	Acaricide	Rwanda	[151]
Ricinus communis L. (castor oil plant)	Euphorbiaceae (spurge family)	Leaf	Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst.	Jamaica	[58]
		Seed	Custard seed oil as an acaricide	India	[144]
		Leaf	Dichloromethane extracts were repellent to Rhipicephalus appendiculatus	South Africa	[128]
Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary)	Lamiaceae previously known as Labiatae (dead-nettle or mint family)	Leaf	Rosemary essential oil, repellent against ticks (Ixodes spp.)	Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, USA	[125]
Stylosanthes scabra cv. Fitzroy or Seca	Fabaceae (hardy annual, legume/pea family)	Whole plant (grass)	Toxic to Boophilus microplus Canst.	South America	[110]
Salvia serotina L./Wild. (little woman/chicken weed)	Lamiaceae previously known as Labiatae (dead-nettle or mint family)	Fresh leaf	Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst.	Jamaica	[58]
Sambucus nigra spp. Canadensis (S. canadensis) L. (American Elder or elderberry/European elder)	Adoxaceae/Caprifoliaceae (honeysuckle family)	Leaf	Extracts as acaricides	USA	[167]
Sambucus nigra spp. Canadensis (S. canadensis) L. (American Elder or elderberry/European elder)	Adoxaceae/Caprifoliaceae (honeysuckle family)	Leaf	Leaf extract mixed with tobacco dust and Eucalyptus oil	USA	[18, 167]
Sclerocarya caffra Sond.	Anacardiaceae	Fruit	Acaricide	South Africa/East Africa/Madagascar	[18, 127]
Securidaca longipedunculata Fres.	Polygalaceae	Plant	Acaricide	Rwanda	[151]
Sequoia sempervirens L. (redwood, coast redwood, and California redwood)	Taxodiaceae (bald cypress family)/Cupressaceae (cypress family)	Heartwood and leaves	Toxic to nymphal and larval ticks (Ixodes scapularis (Say)) (LC50 = 0.1.673 and 0.079% wt : vol, resp.)	USA	[139]
Sequoiadendron giganteum (Lindl.) J. Buchholz (giant sequoia, big tree, giant redwood)	Taxodiaceae	Heartwood and leaves	Toxic to nymphal and larval ticks (Ixodes scapularis (Say)) at >2% concentration (wt : vol)	USA	[139]
Senna italica subsp. arachoides (Mill.) Goora wall. (Italian senna)	Fabaceae (hardy annual, legume/pea family)	Root	The acaricidal activity of the ethyl acetate root extract increased significantly with concentration when tested against Hyalomma marginatum rufipes	South Africa	[185]
Sida acuta Burm. (broom weed)	Malvaceae	Fresh leaf	Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst.	Jamaica	[58]
Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. (Milk thistle)	Asteraceae	Aerial parts	Extracts of petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and ethanol showed toxicity effects on engorged females of Boophilus annulatus Say, 1821	Egypt	[138]
Simarouba glauca DC. (Bitter wood)	Simaroubaceae (quassia family)	Fresh leaf	Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst.	Jamaica	[58]
Simmondsia chinensis (Link) C. K. Schneid. (jojoba, goat nut, deer nut, pignut, wild hazel, quinine nut, coffeeberry, or gray box bush)	Simmondsiaceae	Aerial parts	Extracts caused motalities and affected reproductive physiology of the adult female tick, Boophilus annulatus	Egypt	[186]
Solanum dasyphyllum Schum. et Thonn.	Solanaceae (nightshade family)	Fruit, leaf, stem	Acaricide	Rwanda	[151]
Solanum incanum (sodom apple)	Solanaceae (nightshade family)	Fruit	Juice	Ethiopia	[149]
		Whole plant	A concoction mixed with tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) to make an effective acaricide against brown ear tick (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus), red-legged tick (Rhipicephalus evertsii evertsi), Boophilus decoloratus, and bont tick (Amblyomma species)	Kenya (Samburu pastoralists) in Baragoi	[129]
Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench (sorghum)	Poaceae (grass family)	Whole plant	Extracts caused motalities and affected reproductive physiology of the adult female tick, Boophilus annulatus	Egypt	[186]
		Aerial part	Affects livestock ticks	Kenya	[47]
Spigelia anthelmia L. (worm grass)	Loganiaceae (Logania family)	Fresh leaf	Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst.	Jamaica	[58]
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis Wild. (vervine)	Verbenaceae (verbena/vervain family)	Fresh leaf	Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst.	Jamaica	[58]
Stemona collinsae Craib.	Stemonaceae (Stemona family)	Whole plant	50% concentration of extract caused 100 and 93.33% mortalities of engorged nymphs and adults of Boophilus microplus Canst., respectively	Thailand	[187]
Stemona tuberosa Lour.	Stemonaceae (Stemona family)	Whole plant	5% of chlorhydric acid extracts killed larvae of Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Boophilus microplus and Haemaphysalis intermedia ixodid ticks	Vietnam	[188]
Strychnos madagascariensis Poir. (black monkeys)	Loganiaceae	Leaf	Infusion had a strong dipping and topical toxicity effect against Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks. The extract showed repellence activity against R. appendiculatus	South Africa	[128]
Stylosanthes hamata cv. Verano.	Fabaceae (pea family)	Whole plant (grass)	Toxic/repellent against Boophilus microplus Canst.	South America,	[189–192]
				Australia	[110, 111]
Stylosanthes humilis H. B. K.	Fabaceae (pea family)	Whole plant (grass)	Toxic/repellent against Boophilus microplus Canst.	South America	[189–192]
Stylosanthes scabra Vogel. (shrubby stylo)	Fabaceae (pea family)	Whole plant	Extracts caused a high larval mortality of Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Boophilus microplus, and Haemaphysalis intermedia ixodid ticks	India	[193]
Stypopodium lobalum (C. Agardh) Kützing.	Dictyotaceae (thalloid brown alga)	Whole plant	Topical application of crude ethanol extract affected the survival of engorged and adult female Boophilus microplus Canst. and inhibited its oviposition and embryogenesis	Jamaica	[172]
Symphytum officinale L. (Comfrey)	Boraginaceae (borage family)	Fresh leaf	Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst.	Jamaica, USA	[58]
Tabernaemontana johnstonii	Apocynaceae	—	Acaricide	Rwanda	[151]
Tagetes minuta L. (marigold)	Asteraceae (daisy family).	Aerial parts	Extracted essential oil had significant repellent effect against Rhipicephalus appendiculatus adult ticks	Kenya	[47, 194]
			Extracted essential oil had significant repellent effect against Hyalomma rufipes adult ticks	South Africa	[195]
Tagetes patula French (marigold, dwarf marigold, or dwarf French marigold)	Asteraceae (daisy family)	—	—	Rwanda	[151]
Tamarindus indicus L. (tamarind)	Caesalpiniacae (gulmohar family)	Mature fruit	Water and 10% ethanol crude extracts caused mortality of engorged female, Boophilus microplus Canst. Organic acids in tamarind fruits (oxalic, malic, succinic, citric and tartaric acids) also caused mortality of B. microplus Canst.	Thailand	[196]
Tanacetum vulgare	Asteraceae ([also known as Compositae] daisy family)	Whole plant	Essential oils are acaricidal	Europe, Eastern North America	http://www.florahealth.com/home_int.cfm
Taxodium distichum (L.) L. C. Rich. (bald cypress and swamp Cypress)	Taxodiaceae (bald cypress family)	Heartwood and leaves	Toxic to nymphal and larval ticks (Ixodes scapularis (Say)) at >2% concentration (wt : vol)	USA	[139]
Tephrosia leiocarpa A. Gray	Fabaceae/Papilionaceae/Leguminosae (hardy annual, legume/pea family)	Root	Acaricide	North America	[197]
Tephrosia vogelii Hook F.	Fabaceae/Papilionaceae/Leguminosae (hardy annual, legume/pea family)	Leaf, root, pod, seed, bark, whole plant	Rotenoids present in an infusion acts like modern dips. Toxic to 1-, 2-, and 3-host ticks	Cameroon, USA, Malawi, Tanzania	[18, 150, 198–202]
Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don in Lambert 1824 (Western/giant red cedar, giant arborvitae, shinglewood, canoe cedar)	Cupressaceae (cypress family)	Heartwood and leaves	Toxic to nymphal and larval ticks (Ixodes scapularis (Say)) (LC50 = 0.821 and 0.022% wt : vol, resp.)	USA	[139]
Thylachium africanum Lour.	Capparidaceae	Aerial parts/oil	Repellency of their essential oil	Kenya	[104]
Turnera ulmifolia L. (ramgoat dashalong)	Turneraceae	Fresh leaf	Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst.	Jamaica	[58]
Turpentine, name applied to numerous semifluid, yellow or brownish oleoresins obtained from various coniferous trees in Asia, Europe, and America Turpentine, Syncarpia glomulifera	Myrtaceae	—	Acaricide	USA	[150]
Urena lobata L. (bur mallow)	Malvaceae	Fresh leaf	Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst.	Jamaica	[58]
Vernonia amygdalina L. (bitter-leaf tree)	Asteraceae (also known as Compositae or daisy family)	Leaf	Juice	Ethiopia	[149]
Vitex agnus-castus L. (chaste tree, chasteberry, Abraham's balm, or monk's pepper)	Lamiaceae	Aerial parts	Ethanol, propylene carbonate, Vitex agnus-castus concentrate, topical application, repelling horseflies, flies and mosquitoes	Switzerland	[203]
Wedelia trilobata L. (yellow marigold)	Asteraceae (also known as Compositae or daisy family)	Fresh leaf	Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst.	Jamaica	[58]
Zingiber officinale Wild. (Ginger)	Zingiberaceae	Fresh leaf	Topical application of crude ethanol extracts. Being toxic and inhabitant of oviposition and embryogenesis of Boophilus microplus Canst.	Jamaica	[58]