Table 3.
Patient Clinical Characteristics Measured During 12-Month Baseline Period
| Clinical characteristics | Propensity score matched | Unmatched | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patients using sulfonylurea (N = 13,657) | Patients using SGLT-2 inhibitor (N = 13,657) | Standardized difference for matched cohorts, % | Patients using sulfonylurea (N = 25,490) | Patients using SGLT-2 inhibitor (N = 17,724) | P value for unmatched cohorts | |
| Deyo-Charlson Comorbidity Index, mean (SD) | 1.7 (1.3) | 1.7 (1.3) | 2.560 | 2.0 (1.6) | 1.7 (1.3) | <.001 |
| Adapted Diabetes Complications Severity Index, mean (SD) | 0.7 (1.2) | 0.7 (1.2) | 2.115 | 0.9 (1.5) | 0.7 (1.2) | <.001 |
| Number of unique 3-digit ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes,a mean (SD) | 10.7 (7.0) | 10.8 (6.8) | 1.549 | 11.3 (8.0) | 10.9 (6.8) | <.001 |
| Number of unique NDC codes, mean (SD) | 12.5 (8.4) | 12.7 (7.9) | 2.994 | 11.5 (8.3) | 13.6 (8.2) | <.001 |
| Total healthcare expenditures, mean (SD) | $12,295 ($23,921) | $12,824 ($23,580) | 2.228 | $15,096 ($38,103) | $13,670 ($22,526) | <.001 |
| Endocrinologist visit | 10.2% | 12.2% | 6.439 | 6.6% | 17.3% | <.001 |
| Microvascular complications of diabetes | 16.3% | 17.4% | 2.939 | 18.0% | 19.1% | <.001 |
| Diabetic nephropathy | 3.2% | 3.5% | 1.604 | 4.5% | 3.7% | <.001 |
| Diabetic retinopathy | 6.5% | 7.0% | 2.076 | 6.8% | 7.9% | <.001 |
| Diabetic peripheral neuropathy | 9.0% | 9.6% | 1.860 | 9.5% | 10.6% | <.001 |
| Macrovascular complications of diabetes | 14.3% | 14.6% | 0.881 | 20.7% | 14.6% | <.001 |
| Atherosclerosis | 11.3% | 11.5% | 0.535 | 16.0% | 11.7% | <.001 |
| Stroke | 1.1% | 1.1% | 0.191 | 2.3% | 1.0% | <.001 |
| Myocardial infarction | 0.8% | 0.8% | 0.110 | 1.6% | 0.8% | <.001 |
| Unstable angina pectoris | 0.9% | 0.8% | 0.433 | 1.4% | 0.7% | <.001 |
| Heart failure | 2.2% | 2.3% | 0.674 | 4.9% | 2.1% | <.001 |
| Percutaneous coronary intervention | 0.9% | 0.8% | 0.887 | 1.2% | 0.7% | <.001 |
| Coronary artery bypass graft | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.835 | 0.4% | 0.2% | <.001 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 2.4% | 2.6% | 1.213 | 4.0% | 2.5% | <.001 |
| Other comorbidities | ||||||
| Renal impairment | 6.4% | 6.8% | 1.974 | 11.4% | 6.5% | <.001 |
| Hypertension | 76.3% | 76.5% | 0.518 | 76.8% | 77.3% | .223 |
| Dyslipidemia | 79.2% | 79.5% | 0.716 | 75.1% | 81.6% | <.001 |
| Depression | 8.5% | 8.4% | 0.288 | 8.1% | 8.7% | .028 |
| Hypoglycemia | 2.9% | 3.1% | 1.182 | 3.1% | 3.2% | .347 |
| Proteinuria | 1.9% | 1.9% | 0.439 | 2.0% | 2.0% | .706 |
| Antihypertensive medications | ||||||
| Renin-angiotensin system antagonists | 65.6% | 65.8% | 0.421 | 60.6% | 68.4% | <.001 |
| ACE inhibitors | 42.5% | 42.0% | 0.850 | 40.7% | 43.0% | <.001 |
| ARBs | 25.7% | 26.4% | 1.504 | 22.1% | 28.3% | <.001 |
| Direct renin inhibitors | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.000 | 0.1% | 0.2% | .227 |
| Diuretics | 35.4% | 35.5% | 0.272 | 35.0% | 36.3% | .006 |
| Other antihypertensives | 34.8% | 34.9% | 0.294 | 37.9% | 35.0% | <.001 |
| Number of antidiabetes medication classes, mean (SD) | 1.2 (0.8) | 1.3 (0.8) | 7.250 | 1.0 (0.7) | 1.5 (0.9) | <.001 |
| Antidiabetes medication use in baseline period | ||||||
| Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors | 0.3% | 0.2% | 0.409 | 0.2% | 0.3% | .104 |
| Metformin | 75.4% | 74.7% | 1.595 | 65.1% | 76.5% | <.001 |
| DPP-4 inhibitors | 26.5% | 28.0% | 3.392 | 18.3% | 30.9% | <.001 |
| Meglitinides | 1.0% | 1.1% | 0.391 | 0.8% | 1.4% | <.001 |
| TZDs | 5.7% | 6.0% | 1.579 | 4.1% | 7.6% | <.001 |
| Insulins | 14.8% | 17.8% | 8.026 | 9.4% | 26.9% | <.001 |
| GLP-1 receptor agonists | 7.8% | 10.4% | 8.840 | 4.4% | 17.7% | <.001 |
| Amylin analogs | 0.0% | 0.1% | 4.474 | 0.0% | 0.1% | <.001 |
| Concurrent antidiabetes medication use | ||||||
| Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.856 | 0.0% | 0.0% | .706 |
| Metformin | 78.4% | 77.2% | 3.083 | 77.1% | 75.5% | <.001 |
| DPP-4 inhibitors | 5.8% | 6.3% | 2.033 | 4.0% | 7.0% | <.001 |
| Meglitinides | 0.3% | 0.3% | 0.549 | 0.2% | 0.3% | .066 |
| TZDs | 1.4% | 1.6% | 1.438 | 1.0% | 2.2% | <.001 |
| Insulins | 2.9% | 4.0% | 5.985 | 1.8% | 7.3% | <.001 |
| GLP-1 receptor agonists | 1.2% | 1.9% | 5.466 | 0.7% | 3.2% | <.001 |
| Amylin analogs | 0.0% | 0.0% | — | 0.0% | 0.0% | .168 |
| Any mail-order prescriptionb | 13.0% | 13.1% | 0.326 | 17.3% | 12.5% | <.001 |
a
The baseline period for all patients occurred before the implementation of the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision coding.
b
Mail-order prescription was measured during the follow-up period.
ACE indicates angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; DPP-4, dipeptidyl peptidase-4; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide-1; ICD-9-CM, International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification; NDC, National Drug Code; SD, standard deviation; SGLT-2, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2; TZD, thiazolidinedione.