Table 2.
Effects of predictors (Stimulation, Training, Training x Stimulation) on cognitive performance at pretest and on cognitive change derived from the eight considered models.
| Unstandardized effects (SE) Standardized effects |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Overall Mean (SE) | Stimulation | Training | Training x Stimulation |
| Updating Trained 1 | ||||
| Pretest | 1.274 (0.012)* | -0.002 (0.010) | 0.007 (0.010) | -0.017 (0.104) |
| -0.017 | 0.068 | -0.161 | ||
| Change | 0.074 (0.008)* | -0.011 (0.007) | 0.034 (0.007)* | 0.008 (0.243) |
| -0.169 | 0.526 | 0.1130 | ||
| Switching Trained 3 | ||||
| Pretest | 30.613 (0.737)* | 0.093 (0.565) | 0.433 (0.568) | -0.264 (0.565) |
| 0.016 | 0.073 | -0.044 | ||
| Change | 15.011 (0.532)* | -0.487 (0.370) | 6.486 (0.502)* | 0.317 (0.370) |
| -0.068 | 0.904 | 0.044 | ||
| Updating Untrained Stimuli 1 | ||||
| Pretest | 1.292 (0.013)* | 0.004 (0.001) | 0.009 (0.001) | -0.005 (0.001) |
| 0.040 | 0.084 | -0.050 | ||
| Change | 0.107 (0.009)* | -0.015 (0.008) | 0.059 (0.008)* | -0.007 (0.008) |
| -0.198 | 0.761 | -0.096 | ||
| Updating Untrained Task 1 | ||||
| Pretest | 1.105 (0.047)* | -0.005 (0.036) | 0.030 (0.036) | -0.005 (0.036) |
| -0.015 | 0.097 | -0.015 | ||
| Change | 0.159 (0.032)* | 0.007 (0.020) | 0.004 (0.020) | -0.012 (0.020) |
| 0.129 | 0.078 | -0.223 | ||
| Spatial Reasoning 3 | ||||
| Pretest | 6.961 (0.232)* | -0.091 (0.194) | 0.019 (0.194) | 0.091 (0.194) |
| -0.046 | 0.010 | 0.046 | ||
| Change | 0.916 (0.916)* | -0.018 (0.103) | 0.113 (0.103) | -0.200 (0.103) |
| -0.050 | 0.322 | -0.570 | ||
| Verbal Reasoning 2 | ||||
| Pretest | 5.223 (0.199)* | -0.002 (0.173) | 0.196 (0.174) | 0.093 (0.173) |
| -0.001 | 0.117 | 0.056 | ||
| Change | 0.589 (0.097)* | 0.057 (0.083) | -0.165 (0.084) | -0.016 (0.083) |
| 0.154 | -0.448 | -0.045 | ||
| Episodic Memory 3 | ||||
| Pretest | 16.842 (0.419)* | 0.079 (0.270) | -0.012 (0.265) | -0.495 (0.337) |
| 0.038 | -0.006 | -0.235 | ||
| Change | 0.011 (0.349) | 0.097 (0.238) | 0.023 (0.234) | 0.524 (0.304) |
| 0.072 | 0.017 | 0.390 | ||
| Perceptual Speed 3 | ||||
| Pretest | 19.439 (0.556)* | -0.252 (0.406) | 0.324 (0.406) | 0.119 (0.405) |
| -0.064 | 0.082 | 0.030 | ||
| Change | 9.531 (0.486)* | -0.032 (0.317) | -4.484 (0.482)* | -0.149 (0.317) |
| -0.006 | -0.864 | -0.029 | ||
*
pcorrected < 0.00625, derived from χ2 difference tests contrasting a model with the relevant effect restricted to zero with a model with the effect being freely estimated. Results were reported at the strict 1, strong 2 or weak 3 level of measurement invariance. Active tDCS was coded as 1 and sham as -1. WM training was coded as 1 and control training as coded as -1.