Table 2.
Descriptive statistics and analysis of variance results for YSR and CBCL/4–18 scales.a
| Scale | ASD group |
Control group |
Group differences (F(1, 117), Cohen’s d) | Effect description | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Girls |
Boys |
Girls |
Boys |
|||||||
| M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | |||
| Adolescents’ self-report (YSR) | ||||||||||
| Withdrawn | 8.29 | 3.61 | 7.09 | 3.22 | 5.08 | 2.50 | 4.87 | 2.62 | F = 21.56**, d = 0.17 | ASD > controls |
| Somatic Complaints | 3.91 | 3.91 | 2.94 | 2.56 | 2.96 | 2.65 | 2.09 | 2.43 | F = 2.44 | n.s. |
| Anxious/Depressed | 11.31 | 7.19 | 8.09 | 6.24 | 4.68 | 4.61 | 4.87 | 4.67 | F = 18.88**, d = 0.15 | ASD > controls |
| Social Problems | 6.77 | 3.71 | 5.20 | 2.91 | 2.32 | 2.06 | 2.74 | 1.94 | F = 40.26**, d = 0.28 | ASD > controls |
| Thought Problems | 4.23 | 3.69 | 3.69 | 3.36 | 2.36 | 2.66 | 2.26 | 2.75 | F = 7.53 | n.s. |
| Attention Problems | 9.00 | 4.04 | 8.09 | 3.9 | 6.48 | 3.24 | 6.44 | 3.01 | F = 9.32 | n.s |
| Delinquent Problems | 3.17 | 2.57 | 2.89 | 2.93 | 2.72 | 1.90 | 3.22 | 2.04 | F = 0.02 | n.s. |
| Aggressive Behavior | 10.54 | 5.79 | 8.89 | 6.57 | 7.60 | 6.51 | 7.26 | 4.33 | F = 4.19 | n.s. |
| Internalizing | 23.51 | 13.10 | 18.11 | 10.46 | 12.48 | 8.10 | 11.57 | 7.40 | F = 19.78**, d = 0.16 | ASD > controls |
| Externalizing | 13.71 | 7.74 | 11.77 | 9.20 | 10.32 | 8.09 | 10.48 | 5.59 | F = 2.51 | n.s. |
| Behavior Problems—Total | 81.57 | 29.57 | 70.60 | 31.36 | 58.20 | 25.10 | 57.30 | 21.46 | F = 12.24 | n.s |
| Parents’ reports (CBCL) | ||||||||||
| Withdrawn | 8.14 | 3.45 | 7.26 | 3.63 | 1.56 | 2.27 | 1.48 | 1.53 | F = 121.19**, d = 0.54 | ASD > controls |
| Somatic Complaints | 3.94 | 4.17 | 3.71 | 3.75 | 1.68 | 1.77 | 0.91 | 1.38 | F = 17.51**, d = 0.15 | ASD > controls |
| Anxious/Depressed | 12.91 | 6.64 | 10.31 | 6.81 | 3.40 | 4.42 | 2.09 | 2.23 | F = 68.07**, d = 0.40 | ASD > controls |
| Social Problems | 9.14 | 3.05 | 7.89 | 2.61 | 1.32 | 1.95 | 1.48 | 2.17 | F = 217.10**, d = 0.67 | ASD > controls |
| Thought Problems | 3.66 | 3.58 | 3.97 | 3.16 | 0.24 | 0.66 | 0.35 | 0.71 | F = 51.33**, d = 0.34 | ASD > controls |
| Attention Problems | 11.31 | 4.49 | 11.46 | 4.21 | 2.16 | 2.54 | 3.35 | 3.94 | F = 137.35**, d = 0.56 | ASD > controls |
| Delinquent Problems | 3.86 | 3.36 | 3.66 | 2.79 | 0.96 | 1.1 | 1.70 | 1.85 | F = 26.0**, d = 0.20 | ASD > controls |
| Aggressive Behavior | 12.86 | 7.83 | 13.00 | 8.16 | 5.92 | 6.41 | 4.83 | 5.23 | F = 31.51**, d = 0.23 | ASD > controls |
| Internalizing | 24.34 | 11.37 | 20.74 | 11.42 | 6.56 | 7.17 | 4.39 | 3.82 | F = 89.75**, d = 0.47 | ASD > controls |
| Externalizing | 16.71 | 10.43 | 16.66 | 10.26 | 6.88 | 7.32 | 6.52 | 6.54 | F = 34.57**, d = 0.25 | ASD > controls |
| Behavior Problems—Total | 70.80 | 29.33 | 65.00 | 27.87 | 20.00 | 19.45 | 18.44 | 15.65 | F = 110.51**, d = 0.51 | ASD > controls |
ASD: autism spectrum disorder; M: mean; SD: standard deviation; YSR: Youth Self-Report; n.s.: non-significant; CBCL: Child Behavior Checklist.
a
Due to multiple comparisons, the p level has been lowered (Sidak/Bonferroni correction) to 0.0064.
**
p < 0.001.