| Andersohn 2009 [4] |
UK |
Nested case-control |
15 |
2243 |
1.40 (1.16–1.70) |
BMI, smoking, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, recent use of beta-blockers, thiazides, antipsychotics, carbamazepine, phenytoin, valproate, lithium, glucocorticoids |
9 |
| Atlantis 2010 [30] |
Australia |
Cohort |
10 |
155 |
1.80 (0.91–3.57) |
Demographic and lifestyle factors, functional health, and prevalent chronic disease |
8 |
| Bhattacharya 2014 [10] |
USA |
Cohort |
1 |
525 |
1.06 (0.77–1.47) |
Age, gender, race/ethnicity, presence of depression, lifestyle risk factors—BMI, physical activity, smoking status, poverty status, insurance status |
6 |
| Campayo 2010 [31] |
Spain |
Cohort |
5 |
163 |
1.26 (0.63–2.50) |
Diabetes risk factors and AD and antipsychotic use |
8 |
| Chang 2015 [11] |
Korea |
Cohort |
4 |
426 |
0.75 (0.50–1.12) |
Age, gender, education, Charlson comobidity index, BMI, mini-mental state examination (MMSE), geriatric depression scale (GDS) |
7 |
| Frisard 2015 (WHI-CT) [24] |
USA |
RCT |
8 |
4171 |
1.27 (1.13–1.43) |
Age, ethnicity, education, physical activity, total energy intake, propensity for AD medication use, hormone replacement therapy, elevated depressive symptoms, BMI |
8 |
| Frisard 2015 (WHI-OS) [24] |
USA |
Cohort |
8 |
3624 |
1.35 (1.21–1.51) |
Age, ethnicity, education, physical activity, total energy intake, propensity for AD medication use, hormone replacement therapy, elevated depressive symptoms, BMI |
7 |
| Khoza 2012 [32] |
USA |
Cohort |
7 |
2937 |
1.56 (1.40–1.73) |
Age, gender, medication adherence, number of concomitant diabetogenic medications, more recent year of cohort entry |
6 |
| Kisely 2009 [36] |
Canada |
Nested case-control |
5 |
608 |
1.12 (0.90–1.40) |
Age, gender, previous health service use |
7 |
| Kivimäki 2010 [37] |
Finland |
Nested case-control |
4 |
851 |
1.77 (1.37–2.30) |
Prevalent physical disease (hypertension, coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and cancer) |
8 |
| Kivimäki 2011 [12] |
UK |
Cohort |
18 |
346 |
1.24 (0.54–2.87) |
Age, gender, and ethnicity |
9 |
| Knol 2007 [33] |
The Netherlands |
Cohort |
7 |
499 |
1.06 (0.89–1.26) |
Age, gender, Chronic Disease Score (heart disease, respiratory illness, cancer, ulcer, high cholesterol) |
7 |
| Pan 2012 (HPFS) [23] |
USA |
Cohort |
16 |
1287 |
1.37 (1.07–1.76) |
Age, ethnicity, marital status, living status, smoking, alcohol intake, multivitamin and aspirin use, physical activity, family history of diabetes, major comorbidities, dietary score, BMI |
5 |
| Pan 2012 (NHS I) [23] |
USA |
Cohort |
12 |
3514 |
1.08 (0.97–1.19) |
Age, ethnicity, marital status, living status, smoking, alcohol intake, multivitamin and aspirin use, physical activity, family history of diabetes, major comorbidities, dietary score, BMI, MHI-5 score |
6 |
| Pan 2012 (NHS II) [23] |
USA |
Cohort |
14 |
1840 |
1.21 (1.08–1.35) |
Age, ethnicity, marital status, living status, smoking, alcohol intake, multivitamin and aspirin use, physical activity, family history of diabetes, major comorbidities, dietary score, BMI, MHI-5 score |
6 |
| Pérez-Piñar 2016 [34] |
UK |
Cohort |
10 |
4223 |
1.32 (1.29–1.34) |
Age, gender, ethnicity, psychiatric diagnosis, antipsychotics, Townsend score for social deprivation |
7 |
| Rubin 2010 [39] |
USA |
RCT |
10 |
N/A |
2.41 (1.63–3.57) |
Age, gender, race/ethnicity, education, fasting plasma glucose at baseline, weight at baseline, and weight change |
7 |
| Sambamoorthi 2013 [9] |
USA |
Cohort |
4 |
467 |
0.91 (0.66–1.26) |
Gender, race/ethnicity, education, poverty status, prescription drug insurance, health status, functional status, BMI, smoking, presence of heart disease and hypertension
|
7 |
| Vimalananda 2014 [35] |
USA |
Cohort |
12 |
3372 |
1.26 (1.11–1.43) |
Age, questionnaire cycle, healthcare utilization, family history of diabetes, years of education, lifestyle factors (vigorous activity levels, daily hours of television watching, caloric intake, smoking, and alcohol consumption, BMI |
6 |
| Wu 2014 [38] |
Taiwan |
Nested case-control |
12 |
47885 |
1.20 (1.05–1.37) |
Age, gender, comorbidity with hypertension or hyperlipidemia, presence of mood disorders, use of antipsychotics |
7 |
