Table 1.
Included publications of survey on the efficacy and activity of herbal medicines used against leishmaniasis in vitro in Iran.
| Family and botanical name | Preparation | Organism (strain) tested | Stem bark | Concentration | Exposure time | Result | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Allium hirtifolium | Hydro alcoholic | L. infantum | Fruit | 0.01, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 mg/mL | For 7 days | Parasite growth at all concentrations was stopped after 3 days but at concentrations of 0.2 the first day was inhibited | [16] |
| A. aucheri | Methanolic | L. major | Aerial parts | 150, 300, 450, 600, and 750 μg/mL | 24, 48, and 72 h | 750 μg/mL methanolic extract of A. aucheri was able to kill about 25% of both developmental stages of the parasite after 72 h | [17] |
| Camellia sinensis | Methanolic | L. major | Green leaves | 150, 300, 450, 600, and 750 μg/mL hours | 24, 48 and 72 h | Methanolic extract of C. sinensis inhibited the parasite multiplication | |
| Mimosa tenuiflora | Methanolic | L. tropica | NR | 20,200,1000 and 2000 μg/mL | 72 h | Concentration of 1000 and 500 μg/mL suppressed multiplication of promastigotes but at a concentration of 100 μg/mL it accelerated growth of promastigotes. | [18] |
| Perovskia abrotanoides Karel | Methanolic | L. major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) | Root | 0.06, 0.12, 0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg/mL | 2, 4 and 6 days incubation | IC50 = 926, 723 and 550 μg/mL after 2, 4 and 6 days Of incubation |
[19] |
| P. abrotanoides Karel | Ethanolic | L. major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) | Root | 0.06, 0.12, 0.25 0.5 and 1 mg/mL | 2, 4 and 6 days incubation | IC50 = 213, 652 and 343 μg/mL after 2, 4 and 6 days of incubation, |
|
| Peganum harmala | Unknown | L. major (MRHO/SU/59/P) | Seed | 5000-20000 μg/mL and 62.5–500 μg/mL | 72 h | IC50° = 1832.65 ± 89.72 μg/mL | [20] |
| Ferula szowitsiana | Unknown | L. major | Root | 10,100, 500 and 1000 μg/mL | 48 h | IC50 = 4.9 μg/mL | [21] |
| Peganum harmala | Aqueous | L. major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) | Seeds | 20,40,100 and 200 μg/mL |
24, 48 and 60 h | IC50 P. harmala after 60 h = 0.7 μg/mL IC50 A. tinctoria after 60 h = 0.7 μg/mL IC50 combination of two extracts after 60 h = 0.6 μg/mL |
[22] |
| Alkanna tincturia | Chloroformic | L. major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) | Stems and roots | 20,40,100and 200 μg/mL |
24, 48 and 60 h | ||
| A. aucheri | Methanolic | L. major (MRHO/IR/76/ER) | Aerial parts | 31.25, 62.5, 125, 250, 500 and 5000 μg/mL | NR | IC50 = 7.5 μg/mL | [23] |
| F. asafoetid | Methanolic | L. major (MRHO/IR/76/ER) | Gum | 31.25, 62.5, 125, 250, 500 and 5000 μg/mL | NR | IC50 = 5.9 μg/mL | |
| Gossypium hirsutum | Methanolic | L. major (MRHO/IR/76/ER) | Boll | 31.25, 62.5, 125, 250, 500 and 5000 μg/mL | NR | IC50 = 3.6 μg/mL (better effect) | |
| Echinacea purpurea | Ethanolic | L. major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) | Root | 0.5, 2.5, 50 and 125 mg/mL | 8, 16, 24, 48 and 72 h | LD50 for the promastigotes were determined as 22,300, 16,700, 36,600, 19,800 and 1230 μg/mL at 8, 16, 24, 48 and 72 h respectively. 125,000 and 50,000 μg/mL concentrations of this extract were able to kill 100% of the parasite after 48 h |
[24] |
| Calendula officinalis | Aqueous | L. major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) | Flowers | 500, 250, 125 and 62.5 μg/ml | 24,48,72 h | IC50 was calculated for ethanolic & watery C. officinalis; 170 μg/mL, 215μg/mL after 24 h respectively. The extract at concentration of 500 μg/ml was found to kill all the parasites. |
[25] |
| C. officinalis | Ethanolic | L. major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) | Flowers | 500, 250, 125 and 62.5 μg/ml | 24,48,72 h | ||
| A. sativum | Aqueous | L. major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) | Small pieces | 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 μg/mL | 72 h | IC50 = 37 μg/mL. Cytotoxic effect in L. major with almost 100% death at a concentration of 93 μg/mL |
[26] |
| Satureja khuzestanica | Ethanolic | L. major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) | Aerial parts | 0.07–19.9 mg/ml | after 24 h | Ethanolic extract IC100 = 2400 μg/mL IC50 = 300 μg/mL. |
[27] |
| S. khuzestanica | Methanolic | L. major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) | Aerial parts | 0.07–19.9 mg/mL | after 24 h | Methanoic extract IC100 = 4800 μg/mL IC50 = 600 μg/mL. |
|
|
A. sativum |
Aqueous | L. major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) | Bulbs | (9.25, 18.5, 37, 74, 148 mg/mL | 18, 24 and 48 h | IC50 = 37,000 μg/mL. | [28] |
| Arnebia euchroma | Alcoholic | L. major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) | Root | 0.78, 1.5, 3.2, 6.5 and 12.5 mg/mL | 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h | The results showed a significant decrease in the number of Leishmania parasites over time was due to the effect of the extract. | [29] |
| Achillea millefolium | Alcoholic | L. major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) | Root | 0.78, 1.5, 3.2, 6.5 and 12.5 mg/mL | 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h | ||
| Green tea | Ethanolic | L. major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) | Leaves | 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 96 mg/mL | 24,48,72 h | The effect of different concentrations of the plant extract on Leishmania revealed that all the concentrations of this extract can reduce the number of Leishmania parasites | [30] |
| A. millefolium | Alcoholic | L. major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) | Leaves | 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 96 mg/mL | 0,24,48,72 h | ||
| Wormwood | Alcoholic | L. major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) | Flowers | 25 mg/mL | 0,24,48,72 h | The effect of different concentrations of the plant extract on Leishmania revealed that all the concentrations of This extract can reduce the number of Leishmania parasites. Plant extracts increased immobility parasite that this lack of mobility is directly related to time. |
[31] |
| Walnut leaves | Alcoholic | L. major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) | Leaves | 25 mg/mL | 0,24,48,72 h | ||
| Verbascum thapsus | Hydro alcoholic | L. major (MRHO/IR/76/ER) | Leaves or twigs | 5 to 500 μg/mL | After 28–30 h | IC50 = 452 ± 4.47 μg/mL | [32] |
| Caparis spinosa | Hydro alcoholic | L. major (MRHO/IR/76/ER) | Leaves or twigs | 5 to 500 μg/mL | After 28–30 h | IC50 = 375 ± 2.96 μg/mL | |
| Amarusthus rutroflena | Hydro alcoholic | L. major (MRHO/IR/76/ER) | Leaves or twigs | 5 to 500 μg/mL | After 28–30 h | IC50 = 275 ± 7.45 μg/mL | |
| Sesamum indium | Hydro alcoholic | L. major (MRHO/IR/76/ER) | Leaves or twigs | 5 to 500 μg/mL | After 28–30 h | IC50 = 245 ± 3.78 μg/mL | |
| A. absintin | Hydro alcoholic | L. major (MRHO/IR/76/ER) | Leaves or twigs | 5 to 500 μg/mL | After 28–30 h | IC50 = 280 ± 5.96 μg/mL | |
| Tribulus terresttis | Hydro alcoholic | L. major (MRHO/IR/76/ER) | Leaves or twigs | 5 to 500 μg/mL | After 28–30 h | IC50 ≥ 625 μg/mL | |
| Ficus bengalensis | Hydro alcoholic | L. major (MRHO/IR/76/ER) | Leaves or twigs | 5 to 500 μg/mL | After 28–30 h | IC50 = 200 ± 23.14 μg/mL | |
| Prosropis juliflorea | Hydro alcoholic | L. major (MRHO/IR/76/ER) | Leaves or twigs | 5 to 500 μg/mL | After 28–30 h | IC50 = 312 ± 14.625 μg/mL | |
| A. dracunculus | Hydro alcoholic | L. major (MRHO/IR/76/ER) | Leaves or twigs | 5 to 500 μg/mL | After 28–30 h | IC50 ≥ 625 μg/mL | |
| Paliurus spina Christi | Hydro alcoholic | L. major (MRHO/IR/76/ER) | Leaves or twigs | 5 to 500 μg/mL | After 28–30 h | IC50 ≥ 625 μg/mL, | |
| Rhamnus persica boiss | Hydro alcoholic | L. major (MRHO/IR/76/ER) | Leaves or twigs | 5 to 500 μg/mL | After 28–30 h | IC50 = 75 ± 13.44 μg/mL | |
| Caesalpinia gilliesii | Hydro alcoholic | L. major (MRHO/IR/76/ER) | Leaves or twigs | 5 to 500 μg/mL | After 28–30 h | IC50 = 9.76 ± 1.27 μg/mL | |
| Acacia faresiana | Hydro alcoholic | L. major (MRHO/IR/76/ER) | Leaves or twigs | 5 to 500 μg/mL | After 28–30 h | IC50 = 625 ± 12.75 μg/mL | |
| Satureia hortensis | Hydro alcoholic | L. major (MRHO/IR/76/ER) | Leaves or twigs | 5 to 500 μg/mL | After 28–30 h | IC50 = 15.625 ± 3.76 μg/mL | |
| Carum copticum heirm | Hydro alcoholic | L. major (MRHO/IR/76/ER) | Leaves or twigs | 5 to 500 μg/mL | After 28–30 h | IC50 = 15.625 ± 3.76 μg/mL | |
| Thymus migricus | Hydro alcoholic | L. major (MRHO/IR/76/ER) | Leaves or twigs | 5 to 500 μg/mL | After 28–30 h | IC50 = 31.25 ± 15.44 μg/mL | |
| A. vulgari | Hydro alcoholic | L. major (MRHO/IR/76/ER) | Leaves or twigs | 5 to 500 μg/mL | After 28–30 h | IC50= >625 μg/mL | |
| Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl | Hydro alcoholic | L. major (MRHO/75/IR) | Aerial part | 50, 100, 250, 500 and 1000 μg/mL | NR | With increasing concentrations of S. lavandulifolia and leaves M. germanica extract reduced the number promastigotes. Efficacy of the two extract were not significant difference and almost have same effect on the average number of Leishmania promastigotes | [33] |
| Mespilus germanica | Hydro alcoholic | L. major (MRHO/75/IR) | Leaves | 50, 100, 250, 500 and 1000 μg/mL | NR | ||
| Calotropis gigantea | Methanolic | L. major | Aerial parts | 0.12, 0.25, 0.50 and 1.0 mg/mL | 24, 48, 72 h | IC50 = 96.3 μg/mL | [34] |
| C. gigantea | Hexane | L. major | Aerial parts | 0.12, 0.25, 0.50 and 1.0 mg/mL | 24, 48, 72 h | IC50 = 92.5 μg/mL | |
| C. gigantea | Aqueous | L. major | Aerial parts | 0.12, 0.25, 0.50 and 1.0 mg/mL | 24, 48, 72 h | IC50 = 11.3 μg/mL | |
| C. gigantea | Butanolic | L. major | Aerial parts | 0.12, 0.25, 0.50 and 1.0 mg/mL | 24, 48, 72 h | IC50 = 58.7 μg/mL | |
| Artimisinin | Ethanolic | L. major (MR HO/HR/75/ER) | Leaves | 10, 25, 50 and 100 μg/mL | incubated for 72 h | IC50 = 68.16 μg/mL | [35] |
| Artemisia annua | Ethanolic | L. major | Aerial parts | NR | NR | IC50 = 400 ± 0.8 μg/mL | [36] |
| A. annua | Ethyl acetate | L. major | Aerial parts | NR | IC50 = 425 ± 1.5 μg/mL | ||
| A. annua | Dichloromethane | L. major | Aerial parts | NR | IC50 = 850 ± 0.9 μg/mL | ||
| A. annua | Hexane | L. major | Aerial parts | NR | IC50 = 1900 ± 2.4 μg/mL | ||
| A. biennis | Ethanolic | L. major | Aerial parts | NR | IC50 = 100 ± 0.9 μg/mL | ||
| A. biennis | Ethyl acetate | L. major | Aerial parts | NR | IC50 = 425 ± 0.5 μg/mL | ||
| A. biennis | Dichloromethane | L. major | Aerial parts | NR | IC50 = 525 ± 1.1 μg/mL | ||
| A. biennis | Hexane | L. major | Aerial parts | NR | IC50 = 1050 ± 2.0 μg/mL | ||
| A. ciniformis | Ethanolic | L. major | Aerial parts | NR | IC50 = 25 ± 0.4 μg/mL The ethanol extracts of A. ciniformis has one of the most potent leishmanicidal activity. |
||
| A. ciniformis | Ethyl acetate | L. major | Aerial parts | NR | IC50 = 340 ± 1.2 μg/mL | ||
| A. ciniformis | Dichloromethane | L. major | Aerial parts | NR | IC50 = 450 ± 1.0 μg/mL | ||
| A ciniformis | Hexane | L. major | Aerial parts | NR | IC50 = 790 ± 1.7 μg/mL | ||
| A. sieberi | Ethanolic | L. major | Aerial parts | NR | IC50 = 150 ± 1.0 μg/mL | ||
| A. sieberi | Ethyl acetate | L. major | Aerial parts | NR | IC50 = 265 ± 0.7 μg/mL | ||
| A. sieberi | Dichloromethane | L. major | Aerial parts | NR | IC50 = 465 ± 0.8 μg/mL | ||
| A. sieberi | Hexane | L. major | Aerial parts | NR | IC50 = 850 ± 1.5 μg/mL | ||
| A. kulbadica | Ethanolic | L. major | Aerial parts | NR | IC50 = 25 ± 0.5 μg/mL The ethanol extracts of A. kulbadica has one of the most potent leishmanicidal activity. |
||
| A. kulbadica | Ethyl acetate | L. major | Aerial parts | NR | IC50 = 275 ± 1.4 μg/mL | ||
| A. kulbadica | Dichloromethane | L. major | Aerial parts | NR | IC50 = 440 ± 0.7 μg/mL | ||
| A. kulbadica | Hexane | L. major | Aerial parts | NR | IC50 = 885 ± 1.8 μg/mL | ||
| A. santolina | Ethanolic | L. major | Aerial parts | NR | IC50 = 80 ± 0.8 μg/mL The ethanol extracts of A. santolina has one of the most potent leishmanicidal activity. |
||
| A. santolina | Ethyl acetate | L. major | Aerial parts | NR | IC50 = 375 ± 1.1 μg/mL | ||
| A. santolina | Dichloromethane | L. major | Aerial parts | NR | IC50 = 675 ± 1.4 μg/mL | ||
| A. santolina | Hexane | L. major | Aerial parts | NR | IC50 = 850 ± 1.4 μg/mL | ||
| A. turanica | Ethanolic | L. major | Aerial parts | NR | IC50 = 200 ± 1.3 μg/mL | ||
| A. turanica | Ethyl acetate | L. major | Aerial parts | NR | IC50 = 675 ± 2.1 μg/mL | ||
| A. turanica | Dichloromethane | L. major | Aerial parts | NR | IC50 = 425 ± 0.9 μg/mL | ||
| A turanica | Hexane | L. major | Aerial parts | NR | IC50 = 1120 ± 2.5 μg/mL | ||
| A. absinthium. | Ethanolic | L. major | Aerial parts | NR | IC50 = 500 ± 0.6 μg/mL | ||
| A. absinthium. | Ethyl acetate | L. major | Aerial parts | NR | IC50 = 425 ± 1.3 μg/mL | ||
| A absinthium | Dichloromethane | L. major | Aerial parts | NR | IC50 = 600 ± 0.8 μg/mL | ||
| A. absinthium. | Hexane | L. major | Aerial parts | NR | IC50 = 1050 ± 2.5 μg/mL | ||
| A. fragrans | Ethanolic | L. major | Aerial parts | NR | IC50 = 1000 ± 2.0 μg/mL | ||
| A. fragrans | Ethyl acetate | L. major | Aerial parts | NR | IC50 = 1375 ± 2.2 μg/mL | ||
| A. fragrans | Dichloromethane | L. major | Aerial parts | NR | IC50 = 475 ± 1.0 μg/mL | ||
| A. fragrans | Hexane | L. major | Aerial parts | NR | IC50 = 1150 ± 2.2 μg/mL | ||
| A. khorassanica | Ethanolic | L. major | Aerial parts | NR | IC50 = 400 ± 1.1 μg/mL | ||
| A. khorassanica | Ethyl acetate | L. major | Aerial parts | NR | IC50 = 435 ± 0.7 μg/mL | ||
| A. khorassanica | Dichloromethane | L. major | Aerial parts | NR | IC50 = 500 ± 1.2 μg/mL | ||
| A. khorassanica | Hexane | L. major | Aerial parts | NR | IC50 = 790 ± 1.5 μg/mL | ||
| A. kopedaghensis | Ethanolic | L. major | Aerial parts | NR | IC50 = 50 ± 0.7 μg/mL | ||
| A. kopedaghensis | Ethyl acetate | L. major | Aerial parts | NR | IC50 = 255 ± 0.8 μg/mL | ||
| A. kopedaghensis | Dichloromethane | L. major | Aerial parts | NR | IC50 = 445 ± 0.5 μg/mL | ||
| A. kopedaghensis | Hexane | L. major | Aerial parts | NR | IC50 = 925 ± 1.6 μg/mL | ||
| A. seiberi | Aqueous | L. major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) | Aerial parts and roots | 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 μg/mL | 24,48 and 72 h | IC50 = 25 μg/mL A. sieberi has a higher growth inhibitory effect on promastigotes but The cytotoxic effect of seven concentrations of Artemisia sieberi on uninfected splenic macrophages of Balb/c mice has h very low cytotoxic effect on uninfected and healthy macrophages |
[37] |
| A. sieberi | Aqueous | L. major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) | Aerial parts & root | 1, 5, 10,20 and 25% | 24, 48 and 72 h | That promastigotes in RPMI culture were killed completely under concentrations of 20% and 25% of Artemisia in the first day. Concentrations of 20% of Artemisia in the second day led to the complete elimination of amastigote of L. major in macrophages |
[38] |
| Scrophularia striata | Aqueous | L. major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) | Aerial parts & root | 1, 5, 10,20 and 25% | 24, 48 and 72 h | The parasites were killed by Scrophularia at the concentration of 25% within three days. Concentrations of 25% of Scrophularia in the third day led to the complete elimination of amastigote of L. major in macrophages |
|
| Indium curcumin | Unknown | L. major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) | Turmeric plant extracts | NR | NR | IC50 = 26 μg/mL IC50 standard (Amphotericine B) = 20 μg/mL I. curcumin with IC50 values of 26 μg/mL was more effective than other three test agents against Leishmania. |
[39] |
| Diacethyle curcumin | Unknown | L. major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) | Turmeric plant extracts | NR | NR | IC50 = 52 μg/mL | |
|
Gallium curcumin |
Unknown | L. major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) | Turmeric plant extracts | NR | NR | IC50 = 32 μg/mL | |
|
G. curcumin |
Unknown | L. major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) | Turmeric plant extracts | NR | NR | IC50 = 38 μg/mL | |
| Alkanna frigida | Ethyl acetate | L. major | Root limb | 62.5, 125, 250 and 500 μg/mL. | 24, 48, and 72 h | The inhibitory effects = 46% IC50 = 106 μg/mL |
[40] |
| A. frigida | Ethanolic | L. major | Root limb | 62.5, 125, 250 and 500 μg/mL | 24, 48, and 72 h | The inhibitory effects = 45% IC50 = 86 μg/mL |
|
| A.frigida | Chloroformic | L. major | Root limb | 62.5, 125, 250 and 500 μg/mL | 24, 48, and 72 h | The inhibitory effects = 13% IC50 value after 48 and 72 h = 330 and 68 μg/mL |
|
| A. frigida | Hexane | L. major | Root limb | 62.5, 125, 250 and 500 μg/mL | 24, 48, and 72 h | The inhibitory effects = 15% IC50 value= (384 μg/mL for 48 h) and (98 μg/mL 72 h). |
|
| Nerium oleander, ricinus communis, capsicum, almond powder | Unknown | L. major | Leaves and stems | 1/10, 1/100, 1/1000 and 1/10,000 | For 7 weeks | In terms of quantity, the number of promastigotes of Leishmania in the face of the herbal combination reduced compared with the control group | [41] |
| Artemether | Unknown | L. infantum (MHOM/TN/80/IPI1) | Ointment and injection | 0, 10, 25, 50, and 100 μg/mL. |
72 h | IC 50 = 25 μg/mL after 24 h | [42] |
| aloe-emodin | Unknown | L. major | Powder | 40, 80, 120 and 160 μg/mL | 24, 48 and 72 h | IC50 = 52.79 μg/mL. | [43] |
| Scrophularia striata | Aqueous | L. major | Aerial parts and root | 1, 5, 10,20 and 25% | 72 h | In treatment of promastigotes of L. major with S. striata extract at the concentration of 25%, the parasites were killed at the day three | [44] |
| Nigella sativa | Essential oil | L. major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) | Aerial parts | 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6 and 2% | 24, 48 and 72 h | There was a significant difference in reducing parasites on groups receiving Satureia hortensis and N. sativa with Glucantime | [45] |
| S. hortensis | Essential oil | L. major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) | Aerial parts | 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, and 2% | 24, 48 and 72 h | ||
| A. cepa | Aqueous | L. major | Root | 0.312, 2.5 and 5 mg/mL | 24 and 48 h | The viability of the L. major promastigotes in the concentration of 312 μg/mL aqueous onion extracts was 80% and in the same concentration, 20% of the L. major promastigotes were unmovable. At the concentration of 2500 μg/mL aqueous A. cepa extracts, 70% of the L. major promastigotes were unmovable and the viability of promastigotes was 30%. Moreover, in the concentration of 5000 μg/mL of aqueous A. cepa extracts, 100% of the L. major promastigotes were unmovable and the viability of parasites in this concen-tration was 0%. IC50 = 1250 μg/mL IC100 = 5000 μg/mL |
[46] |
| Ixora brachiata | Ethanolic | L. major | Root | 0.312, 2.5 and 5 mg/mL | 24 and 48 h | In addition, at the concentra-tion of 2500 μg/mL ethanolic and methanolic extracts of I. brachiata root, 100% of the L. major promastigotes were unmovable and the viability of the L. major promasti-gotes in the same concentration was 0%.in the concentration of 5000 μg/mL of aqueous A. cepa extracts, 100% of the L. major promastigotes were unmovable and the viability of parasites in this concen-tration was 0%. Ethanolic extract of Ixora brachiata root IC50 = 78 μg/mL IC100 = 2500 μg/mL Aqueous A. cepa = IC50 = 1250 μg/mL IC100 = 5000 μg/mL |
|
| Hyssopus officinalis | Alcoholic | L. major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) | Leaves | 0, 05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 1 μg/mL | 24, 48 and 72 h | That extract was effective | [47] |
| Tussilago farfara | Alcoholic | L. major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) | Leaves | 0, 05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 1 μg/mL | 24, 48 and 72 h | That extract was effective | |
| Carum copticum | Alcoholic | L. major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) | Seed | 0, 05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 1 μg/mL | 24, 48 and 72 h | That extract was effective | |
| B. vulgaris | Methanolic | L. tropica (MHOM/IR-/2002/Mash2) | Aerial parts | Between 5 and 100 μg/mL and 1–10 μg/mL | for 48 h at 37 °C | Inhibitory effects against promastigote forms IC50 = 16.1 μg/mL Inhibitory effects against amastigote forms IC50 = 39.4 μg/mL |
[48] |
| B. vulgaris | Aqueous | L. tropica (MHOM/IR-/2002/Mash2) | Aerial parts | Between 5 and 100 μg/mL and 1–10 μg/mL | for 48 h at 37 °C | Inhibitory effects against promastigote forms IC50 = 26.6 μg/mL Inhibitory effects against amastigote forms IC50 = 59.2 μg/mL |
|
| B. vulgaris | Methanolic | L. infantum (MCAN/IR/07/Moheb-gh) | Aerial parts | Between 5 and 100 μg/mL and 1–10 μg/mL | for 48 h at 37 °C | Inhibitory effects against promastigote forms IC50 = 13.2 μg/mL Inhibitory effects against amastigote forms IC50 = 52.8 μg μg/mL |
|
| B. vulgaris | Aqueous | L. infantum (MCAN/IR/07/Moheb-gh) | Aerial parts | Between 5 and 100 μg/mL and 1–10 μg/mL | for 48 h at 37 °C | Inhibitory effects against promastigote forms IC50 = 21.6 μg/mL Inhibitory effects against amastigote forms IC50 = 3.9 μg/mL |
|
| Vinca major | Chloroformic | L. major | Leaves and stems | 0,150, 300, 450, 600, 750 μg/mL | 0,24,48,72 and 96 h | At a concentration of 750 mg/mL after 96 h led to destroy all parasites | [49] |
| A. sativum | Methanolic | L. tropica (MHOM/IR/2002/Mash2) | Bulbs | 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 μg/mL | 72 h incubation | The IC50 values methanolic extracts of garlic IC50 = 12.3 μg/mL The IC50 values aqueous extracts of garlic IC50 = 19.2 l μg/mL The IC50 values methanolic extracts of garlic CC50 = 291.4 μg/mL The IC50 values aqueous extracts of garlic CC50 = 348.2 μg/mL |
[50] [51] |
| A. sativum | Aqueous | L. tropica (MHOM/IR/2002/Mash2) | Bulbs | 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 μg/mL | 72 h incubation | ||
| Myrtus communis | Essential oil | L. tropica (MHOM/IR/2002/Mash2)(pro&ama) | Leaves | 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 μg/mL | 72 h incubation | The IC50 values for essential oil and methanolic extract was 8.4 and 28.9 μg/mL against promastigotes, respectively. These values were 11.6 and 40.8 μg/mL against amastigote forms, |
|
| M.communis | Methanolic | L. tropica (MHOM/IR/2002/Mash2) | Leaves | 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 μg/mL | 72 h incubation | ||
| N. sativa | Essential oil | L. tropica | Aerial parts | 0–200 μg/mL | 72 h incubation | Inhibitory effects against promastigote forms IC50 = 9.3 μg/mL Inhibitory effects against amastigote forms IC50 = 21.4 μg/mL |
[52] |
| N. sativa | Methanolic | L. tropica | Aerial parts | 0–200 μg/mL | 72 h incubation | Inhibitory effects against promastigote forms IC50 = 14.8 μg/mL Inhibitory effects against amastigote forms IC50 = 30.8 μg/mL |
|
| N. sativa | Essential oil | L. infantum | Aerial parts | 0–200 μg/mL | 72 h incubation | Inhibitory effects against promastigote forms IC50 = 11.7 μg/mL Inhibitory effects against amastigote forms IC50 = 26.3 μg μg/mL |
|
| N. sativa | Methanolic | L. infantum | Aerial parts | 0–200 μg/mL | 72 h incubation | Inhibitory effects against promastigote forms IC50 = 15.7 μg/mL Inhibitory effects against amastigote forms IC50 = 34.6 μg/mL |
|
| Kelussia odoratissim | Essential oil | L. major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) | Aerial parts | 7.5, 15, 25, 35.25 and 50 μl | 24, 48 and 72 h | Higher concentrations (35.25 and 50 μl/mL had a stronger effect on promastigotes, causing total mortality. | [53] |
| Cordia myxa | Mucilage | L. major | Fruits | 0.6,1.2,2.4,4.8,9.6,19.5,39,78 and 176 mg/mL | for 72 h | IC50 = 26,000 μg/mL | [54] |
| C. myxa | Mucilage | L. infantum | Fruits | 0.6,1.2,2.4,4.8,9.6,19.5,39,78 and 176 mg/mL | for 72 h | IC50 = 35,000 μg/mL | |
| Caparis spinosa | Methanolic | L. major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) | Root | 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 0.9 mg/mL | 24, 48 and 72 h | It was determined that anti-protozoal activity of Caparis extract (900 μg/mL) was able to kill 97.8% of promastigotes after 72 h | [55] |
| Pistacia khinjuk | Alcoholic | L. tropica (MHOM/IR/2002/Mash2) & L. major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) | Fruits | 0–100 μ/mL | for 48 h | Promastigote: IC50 = 58.6 ± 3.15 μg/mL Amastigote: IC50 = 37.3 ± 2.51 μg/mL |
[56] |
| Eucalyptus camaldulensis | Aqueous | L. major (MRHO/SU/59/P) | Leaves | 25, 50, 312.5, 625 and 1,250 | 72 h | IC50 = 1108.6 ± 51.9 μ/mL , | [57] |
| E. camaldulensis | Methanolic | L. major (MRHO/SU/59/P) | Leaves | 25, 50, 312.5, 625 and 1,250 | 72 h | IC50 = 586.2 ± 47.6 μ/mL Methanolic extract was more effective than aqueous extract. This extract were less effective as compared to the control drμg |
|
| A. absinthium, | Methanolic | L. major (MROH/IR/75/IR) | Leaves | 31.25–1000 μg/mL. | 0-30 days | IC50 = 159.45 μ/mL Toxicity for macrophage cell line=10% |
[58] |
| Vitex agnuscastus | Methanolic | L. major (MROH/IR/75/IR) | Leaves | 31.25 to 1000 μg/mL. | 0-30 days | IC50 = 234.15 μ/mL Toxicity for macrophage cell line = 8% |
|
| Phytolaca americana | Methanolic | L. major (MROH/IR/75/IR) | Fruits | 31.25 to 1000 μg/mL. | 0-30 days | IC50 = 171.1 μ/mL Toxicity for macrophage cell line = 12% |
IC50: concentration of drμg that causes 50% growth inhibition of amastigote or promastigote forms of Leishmania.
IC100: concentration of drμg that causes 100% growth inhibition of amastigote or promastigote forms of Leishmania.
CC50: as the Cytotoxic concentration of the extracts to cause death to 50% of viable cells in the host.
LD50: (Lethal Dose, 50%) It is the amount of the substance required (usually per body weight) to kill 50% of the test population.
NR: Not reported.