Table 2.
Included publications of survey on the efficacy and activity of herbal medicines used against leishmaniasis in vivo in Iran.
| Family and botanical name | Preparation | Organism tested | Stem bark | Animals kind | Concentration | Result | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Z-HEa | Crude extract | L. major | - | Human | Topical | In the group treated with Z-HE (group A), complete cure was observed in 74.4% (Figure 1, Figure 2), partial cure in 11.6%, and failure in 14.0%. In the group treated with meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime) (group B), complete cure was observed in 24.1%, partial cure in 14.1%, and failure in 58.8% | [59] |
| A. sativum | Aqueous | L. major | Bulbs | Mice (Balb/c) | Mices were subjected to 300,000 promastigotes. lesion was measured on days 1, 10, 20, 30 and 45 |
The diameter of lesion was reduced by aqueous extract of garlic within 30 days of treatment. However, the maximum reduction was induced when mice were subjected to vitamin A for 10 days before the administration of the aqueous extract for 30 days. A significant correlation between healing and the amount of NO release was also found. | [60] |
| Berberis vulgaris | Alcoholic | L. major | Leaves, stems and roots | Mice (Balb/c) | 2.5, 4.0, 5.5 and 7.0% | The results showed that after 2 weeks, a statistically significant decrease of ulcer size of treated mice observed, while in the control group the lesion growth continued. The examinations showed that using higher concentration of the extract caused more decrease in surface area of CL lesions on day 15 and negative direct smear on day 20. Alcoholic extract of B.vulgaris root was more effective than leaves and stem extract. | [61] |
| Eucalyptus globulus | Essence | L.major (MRHO/IR/76/ER) | NR | Mice (Balb/c) | Essence 10% | The essences reduced the diameter of lesions or caused small lesions to disappear completely. | [62] |
| Myrtus communis | Essence | L. major (MRHO/IR/76/ER) | NR | Mice (Balb/c) | Essence 10%, 20% | No change was noticed in the size of the lesions or the number of parasites. | |
| Ferula gumosa | Essence | L. major (MRHO/IR/76/ER) | NR | Mice (Balb/c) | Essence 10%, 20% | No change was noticed in the size of the lesions or the number of parasites. | |
| A. herbaalba | Essence | L. major (MRHO/IR/76/ER) | NR | Mice (Balb/c) | Essence 10%, 20% | No change was noticed in the size of the lesions or the number of parasites. | |
| A. sativum | Tincture | L. major (MRHO/IR/76/ER) | NR | Mice (Balb/c) | Tentor 50&100% | No change was noticed in the size of the lesions or the number of parasites. | |
| Urtica dioica | Crude extract | L. major (MRHO/IR/76/ER) | NR | Mice (Balb/c) | Pure extract | No change was noticed in the size of the lesions or the number of parasites. | |
| A. dracunculus | Essence | L. major (MRHO/IR/76/ER) | NR | Mice (Balb/c) | Essence 10% | The essences of A. dracunculus reduced the diameter of lesions or caused small lesions to disappear completely. | |
| Cassia Fistula | Concentrated boiled | L. major | Fruits | Human | – | Mean healing time was 4.6 ± 3.7 weeks | [63] |
| C. Fistula | Hydro alcoholic | L. major | Fruits | Human | – | Mean healing time was 4.9 ± 3.8 weeks. There was no significant difference between the efficacy of concentrated boiled extract and that of the hydro alcoholic extract of the Cassia fistula | |
| Berberis vulgaris | Alcoholic | L. major | Stem skin | Mice (Balb/c) | 20,40,80% for 30 days | With the 20% preparation: by the end of the treatment period, the mean diameter of the lesions had decreased, with complete healing in 5 mice (27.7%), (p < 0.001). by the time of the decrease in diameter, the mean weight of the animals had increased and the number of parasites in the lesions had declined (80%). Total elimination of the parasites was observed in 12 animals (p < 0.001). At a concentration of 40%: mean ulcer diameter decreased, with complete healing in 2 mice (11.1%, p < 0.001). By the time of the decrease in diameter, the mean weight of the mice had increased (p < 0.05). The mean number of parasites in lesions decreased (64.3%), with total elimination in 9 animals (p< 0.05). |
[64] |
| Thymus vulgaris | Hydro alcoholic | L. major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) | NR | Mice (Balb/c) | NR | Mean of ulcer size reduction = 36.09% that T. vulgaris, hydro alcoholic extracts were significantly more effective in reduction of ulcer size as compared with Glucantim | [65] |
| Achillea millefolium | Hydro alcoholic | L. major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) | NR | Mice (Balb/c) | NR | Mean of ulcer size reduction = 43.29% that A. millefolium hydro alcoholic extracts were significantly more effective in reduction of ulcer size as compared with Glucantim | |
| propolis | Hydro alcoholic | L. major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) | NR | Mice (Balb/c) | NR | Mean of ulcer size reduction = 43.77% that propolis hydro alcoholic extracts were significantly more effective in reduction of ulcer size as compared with Glucantim | |
| Rubia Tinctorium | Dry extract | L.major (MRHO/IR/76/ER) | Roots | Mice (Balb/c) | 40, 60 and 80% | The mean weight of the mice that received 40, 60 and 80% concentrations of R. tinctorum extracts showed a statistically significant difference compared to the control group the mean of lesion size of the mice extracts concentrations showed no statistically significant difference compared to the control | [66] |
| A.sieberi | Hydro alcoholic | L. major (MHOM/64/IR/ER75) | NR | Mice (Balb/c) | 1,3,5% after 30 days | At the end of the 30 day treatment period with concentrations of Artemisia, any of the mice treated with complete remission were observed. And microscopic examination of samples taken from the animals tested were positive. | [67] |
| Thyme | Hydro alcoholic | L. major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) | NR | Mice (Balb/c) | NR | Observed significant difference between mean of lesion diameter before and after treatment in control, Yarrow and Thyme groups Paired t-test showed no significant difference between mean of lesion diameter after treatment between treatment and Glucantime groups | [68] |
| Thyme | Hydro alcoholic | L. major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) | NR | Mice (Balb/c) | NR | ||
| A. millefolium | Hydro alcoholic | L. major (MHOM/64/IR/ER75) | NR | Mice (Balb/c) | NR | Ulcer dimeter Before treatment = 4/35 ± 0/5 mm Ulcer dimeter after treatment = 3/4 ± 0/67 mm The mean ulcer size in the group receiving thyme has been good impact on preventing The process of development of wound |
[69] |
| T. vulgaris | Hydro alcoholic | L. major (MHOM/64/IR/ER75) | NR | Mice (Balb/c) | NR | Ulcer dimeter Before treatment = 5/39 ± 0/41 mm Ulcer dimeter after treatment = 4 ± 0/34 mm The mean ulcer size in the group receiving yarrow has been good Impact on preventing The process of development of wound |
|
| Henna | Hydro alcoholic | L. major (MHOM/64/IR/ER75) | NR | Mice (Balb/c) | NR | Ulcer dimeter Before treatment = 5.77 ± 0/30 mm Ulcer dimeter after treatment = 7/11 ± 0/56 mm Were did not showen statistical significant difference between mean diameter of lesions after treatment with the treated group with Plant extracts and treated with Glucantime |
|
| A. sativum | Hydro alcoholic | L. major (MHOM/64/IR/ER75) | NR | Mice (Balb/c) | NR | Ulcer dimeter Before treatment = 5.18 ± 0/47 mm Ulcer dimeter after treatment = 7/06 ± 1/09 mm Were did not showen statistical significant difference between mean diameter of lesions after treatment with the treated group with Plant extracts and treated with Glucantime |
|
| Pistacia Atlantica | Unknown | L. major (MHROM/IR/75/ER) | Gum obtioned of trunk and branches | Mice (Balb/c) | 0,4,8 week | Gum daily for 28 days decreased skin lesion size in the mice infected with L.major compared with that in the control. Treatment Balb/c mice with gum obtained P. atlantica var. kurdica and Glucantime causes decrease number of parasitologically positive mice | [70] |
| E. camaldulensis | Methanolic | L. major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) | NR | Mice (Balb/c) | NR | Amastigote number into the lesions, were significantly decreased, nanogold solutions were also decreased mortality rate in the mice | [71] |
| Satureja khuzestanica | Essential oil | L. major MRHO/IR/75/ER | Aerial parts | Mice (Balb/c) | 0.01, 0.001, 0.0001% for 7 week | Lesions' size in SKEO treated groups was restrained but not significantly different from the control group the mortality rate in treated groups was clearly less than the control. | [71] |
| A. sativum | Aqueous | L. major | Bulbs | Mice (Balb/c & 57BL/6 and Suri) | Promastigote injection and evaluated For 8 week | The results showed that R10 had good therapeutic efficacy in treatment of lesions in mice (P < 0.05) that this efficacy was significant in sixth, seventh and eighth weeks after the treatment | [72] |
| Echinacea purpurea | Hydro alcoholic | L. major | Aerial parts | Mice (Balb/c) | The mean of lesion size in each group of mice were compared and analyzed. No significant differences in the lesions size were found between the three mice groups. Therefore, E. purpurea extract was not effective against L. major based on the findings of this study. | [74] | |
| Mespilus germanica | Ethanolic | L. major | Leaves | Mice (Balb/c) | 40, 60 and 80% | Extract of M. germanica has the highest effectiveness in concentration of 40%, causing greater reductions in both ulcer diameter and the number of parasites in the lesions compared with other prepared concentrations | [75] |
| A. aucheri Boiss | Methanolic | L. major MRHO/IR/75/ER(IR/75) | NR | Mice (Balb/c) | 0.09, 0.36, 1.44, 6, 28 mg/kg for 30 days | The results indicated that herbal extract was able to affect on lesion size, its performance and to prevent visceralization of the parasite. This is the first report indicating visceralization caused by the cutaneous form of L. major in the Balb/c mice | [76] |
| N. oleander, r. communis, capsicum, almond powder | Unknown | L. major | Stem and seed | Mice (Balb/c) | 1/10,1/100,1/1000,1/10,000 | This skin lesion at the base of the tail of mice under investigation also indicate a significant effect on the composition of the herbal form wound and skin nodule at the base of the tail of mice treated with the control group. | [41] |
| Artemether | Unknown | L. infantum ( MHOM/TN/80/IPI1) | Ointment and injection | Mice (Balb/c) | NR | In vivo experiments indicated that oral artemether treatment of mice, during 3 days and every 6 h (0.625 mg/kg) was more significant than parenteral (0.625 mg/kg IP) treatment | [42] |
| artemether | Unknown | L. major | Ointment and injection | Mice (Balb/c) | NR | Mean diameter of lesion in the infected group treated with ointment of artemether decreased from 1.294 to 0.214 cm mean diameter of lesion in the infected group treated with artemether injection decreased from 0.913 to 0.256 cm | [77] |
| Echium amoenum | Aqueous | L. major (MRHO/75/IR) | Flower | Mice (Balb/c) | 0.1, 0.25, 0,50, 1, 2, 4 and 5 mg/mL | Increased the level of IFN-γ and lowered the parasite burden in the proximal lymph nodes and prevented the necrosis of the footpad as compared with the untreated infected mice. | [78] |
| E. amoenum | Alcoholic | L. major (MRHO/75/IR) | Flower | Mice (Balb/c) | 0.1, 0.25, 0,50, 1, 2, 4 and 5 mg/mL | ||
| Seidlitzia rosmarinus | Hydro alcoholic | L. major (MRHO/75/IR) | leaves | Mice (Balb/c) | 5, 10 and 5 15% | Significant increase in the lesion size of treated mice compared with reference group except for treated group by 15% extract | [79] |
| Peganum harmala | Aqueous | L. major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) | Ground seed | Mice (Balb/c) | NR | In the aqueous extract group only 10% of mice healed. | [80] |
| P. harmala | Ethanolic | L. major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) | Ground seed | Mice (Balb/c) | NR | In the ethanolic extract group only 40% of mice healed. Results showed that ethanol extract of P. harmala had good therapeutic efficacy in treatment of lesions in mice | |
| V. major | Cloroformic | L. major | Leaves and stems | Mice (Balb/c) | NR | Injection was very effective By the prevention of ulcers caused by Leishmania major in Balb/c mice compared to untreated control | [49] |
| S. iastriata | Aqueous | L. major | Aerial parts& root | Mice (Balb/c) | 1, 5, 10,20, 25% for 3 days | Extract concentration (25%) at the concentration at the first day, the extract led to a decrease in the parasite rate to 36 amastigotes. For all of the concentrations (10%, 20%, 25%) we observed completely elimination of amastigotes on the third day. | [44] |
| Hedera helix | Alcoholic | L. major (MHOM/64/IR/ER75) | Leaves | Mice (Balb/c) | 20% and 70% for 30 days. | Study showed that the main lesion size did not decrease significantly, or the small lesions did not completely disappear after treatment by H. helix alcoholic extract. Amastigotes counts (mean ± SD) of the skin lesions decreased in control A and 20% concentration groups, but in negative control and 70% concentration groups the number of parasites did not reduce. | [81] |
| Pistacia khinjuk | Alcoholic | L. tropica (MHOM/IR/2002/Mash2) & L. major (MRHO/IR/75/ER) | Fruits | Mice (Balb/c) | NR | In vivo = after 30 days of treatment, 75 and 87.5% recovery were observed in the infected mice treated with 30% extract and meglumine antimoniate, respectively, while P. khinjuk extract at the concentration of 20% recovered 50% of the infected mice. | [82] |
| C. spinosa | Methanolic | L. major MRHO/IR/75/ER | Root | Mice (Balb/c) | 0.1,0.3,0.5,0.7,0.9 mg/mL for 24, 48 and 72 h | It was determined that 700 μg/ml and 900 g/ml Caparis root extract concentrations were more effective than other concentrations on amastigotes of Leishmania in ulcers. The results were sμggestive that Caparis root extract had significantly similar effect in reduction of ulcer size as compared to Glucantim | [55] |
| Matricaria chamomilla | Hydro alcoholic | L. major | Flower | Mice (Balb/c) | – | The comparison of these three groups revealed that wound healing in group one and group two were 58.3% and 80% respectively, which was significant whereas no healing was seen in the control group | [83] |
| A. absinthium | Methanolic | L. major (MROH/IR/75/IR) | Leaves | Mice (Balb/c) | daily for 30 days repeated 3 times |
A. absinthium extract was statistically significant The lesion size in different groups mice after 30 day = 9.9 ± 2.4 μg/mL |
[58] |
| Vitex agnuscastus | Ethanolic | L. major (MROH/IR/75/IR) | Leaves | Mice (Balb/c) | daily for 30 days repeated 3 times | The lesion size in different groups mice after 30 day = 13.1 ± 2.8 μg/mL | |
| Phytolaca americana | Methanolic | L. major (MROH/IR/75/IR) | Fruits | Mice (Balb/c) | daily for 30 days repeated 3 times | The lesion size in different groups mice after 30 day = 15.3 ± 2.6 μg/mL |
a
Mixture of Althaea rosa, Althaea officinalis, and Pharmacology, Pathology, and members of the families Leguminosae, Faliaceae, Malvaceae, and Lythraceae.